Memoranda

9/15/1818	I am now spending my last evening in my native place.  Tomorrow’s sun when it rises shall see me on my way from the home of my father the place of my ancestors to a far distant land.  Except those feeling of sorrow and regret which naturally arise on leaving the spot endeared by youthful associations and those arising from leaving home and near and dear relations I cannot find in my breast one idea that elicits a single sigh.Friends, I have almost none.  Acquaintances are to me almost all enemies.  Those, whom I have assisted heretofore, would now destroy me.  Farewell Schenectady, the pleasant vale, & thy beautiful scenery are to my mind dreary wildernesses.  Here my fond hopes were wrecked and my high raised expectations blasted.  The rain pours, the thunder rattles, Ah! The elements suit my feelings of desolation and of woe.  Howl on! I like you.

9/16/1818	This morning I left Schenectady and proceeded as far as Albany, where I shall remain several days. I took leave of the only friend 

2	(I can call so) in Schenectady except for my relations.  Words cannot express the desolations of my feelings when he left me__ I felt as if I was alone in the world, and in that moment my mind looked upwards to Heaven as my only friend.__ Grant me, O God, to learn the sinfulness of my ways, to repent of the errors of my youth and that I may turn to thee ere it be too late.  O sanctify the afflicting Providence to me and make me know that they inevitably flow from disregard to thy holy law___ O! that’s now when I am beginning almost my life for the third time, that I may begin it with the protection and helping of God.

9/16/1818	On my road to Albany, I was near and at the village of the Shakers in W______ and had some conversations with one of them, but not on the subject of their tenets or their present situation as to numbers.  I conversed with him on their agriculture and improvement in the mechanical arts which I found very great.  I witnessed a remarkable instance of their inflexible adherence to truth and strictly correct conduct in contracts.

10/6/1818	I have spent all this time in Albany with my friends__ from whom I parted this morning, perhaps

3	never to behold again.  The journey I have undertaken is long, tedious and attended with innumerable difficulties.  It may be only a land of promise and not of fulfillment to which I am destined.  How oft will I revisit in imagination the fireside of Mother and of friends and wish my lot was cast in pleasanter places.  I parted with my dear Mother O! who can tell the fond affections of a Mother.  Will they lose her endearing attentions whilst we enjoy them, their uniformity and regularity destroys in some degree their interest, but when once we lose them, every minute and particle of attention we used to received is remembered and its lose regretted.  Dearest Mother, my only wish is that you may be always happy and blessed and that your goodness to me may be abundantly rewarded.  Willingly would I dig and labor by the hour, for they comfort and support, if all other means failed.  How miserable would I now be if I was assured that this should be the last time we would ever meet.  The very idea of its possibility is dreadful.

	I left Albany alone in a one horse wagon.  I felt as if I was alone in the world without a friend, a guide, a protector.  I have left all who had an interest or a care for me, behind me

4	my only protector is above.

	Passed the house formerly occupied by Peter W. Yates Esq. ____ and owned by____  Kanes Esq. and since his failure has fallen into the hands of his creditors.  This seat was formerly occupied by Gov. Tompkins.  We have behold a striking instance of fallen grandeur. Mr. Yates at the time he occupied this seat was a lawyer of eminence and distinction and considered a man of affluence.  He lived here in splendor and elegance, but the natural consequence of living beyond his prosperity followed his course.  He was obliged to sell his property which was purchased by Mr. Kane.  Mr. Yates from a lawyer of the first standing at the N. Y. bar is now a justice of the peace in a Western County and is the mere wrech of what he was—from a man of affluence now hardly able to support himself in his old age.  Mr. Kane’s course was somewhat similar as to prosperity.  He is not a man of talents, nor was he ever considered so.  But he has witnessed the same fall from reputed wealth.

	This was during the gubernalty of D. D. Lamphine, the Government House, and was a scene of elegance and splendor.  No man in this State lived in more elegance and with more liberality

5	indeed too much so for the governor of a republican state.

	Passed the former residence of Gen. Schuyler, now occupied and owned by Geo. Brown.

	Passed Cherry Hill the seat of _____ Renforlaen, 2 miles from Albany.

	2 miles from Albany—Kyden Hockten or Kidd’s hills.  So called from Capt. Kidd the noted pirate.  Some suppose that he buried much of his treasure or booty in this place, but the more rational conjecture is that he selected this spot which commands a very extensive view of the Hudson River, as a point from which to observe the vessels which sailed on the river and to aid and direct by this means his operation either of attack or defense 3 miles from Albany.  The ______ in the Hudson River being obstructions in the Navigation of the river. Here is the seat of Peter R. Ludlow. Formerly from this seat you have a very handsome view of the river and the opposite shore.

	7 miles from Albany.  Nichols Creek, so called from Col. Nichols

	9 miles---- I. Moll’s Inn__ Motto on the sign “Let us stop at I. Moll’s Inn”

	7 miles from Albany.  Stopped at Bethlehem, Alby. County. (Wrights’)  This is only 2 or 3 taverns within

6	a short distance of each other.  I presume this is not called a village, indeed I doubt whether there is any village in this town.

	12 miles from Albany, Cocyman’s creek, a small creek emptying into the Hudson.  This is a ________ grist mill on it belonging to Mr. Les Eyck.  Cocyman’s a small old village.  Here is an old stone house formerly the residence of Mrs. Cocysman an old Dutch lady.  The meaning of this name is Cowherd, or keeper of cows.

	Half a mile from Cocyman, is Cocyman’s Landing on the Hudson.  This is a small village and is not growing.  Indeed its situation and proximity to Albany must deter its growth effectually.  It is situated almost on a side hill and it is with difficulty that anyone came down to it this morning.  I felt the cold very sensibly.  It froze very severly and I stopped at this place (Shimmers) for breakfast and found it a very uncomfortable tavern.  I was mistaken for a peddler of goods and I was hailed to know what I had for sale.  Indeed my equipage would not belie such an opinion.

	I have come thus far on the Albany and Bethlehem Turnpike.  The Coxsachie turnpike begins at Cocyman and goes to Cattskill.  These are good roads, but are not such roads as a traveler ought to be taxed for.

7	Indeed it is a gross imposition in a country as rich and thickly settled as this is to tax strangers for traveling when those very persons probably pay for rendering the road at their own residence preferable to these falsely named turnpikes.

	A short distance from Cocyman’s Landing, is a small creek emptying into the Hudson called Hanacraw or Cock-growing creek. The origin of this name I was unable to learn.

	141/2 miles from Albany is the village of New Baltimore in the town of New Baltimore__ This village is small and not growing, but it has the appearance of buisiness quite as much as Cocyman, althought smaller.  The buildings and houses are poor.  My whole route hitherto as been in Albany County.

	22 miles from Albany is the village of Coxsachie in the town of Coxsachie.  Green Cty. (Hubbell’s).  This is a respectable village on the Hudson River and has the appearance of improvement and business.  There was a great deal of stir and activity in the streets.  The villages on the Hudson are not pleasantly situated.  They are mostly built on the waters edge, and afford few pleasant dwellings.  Of this character Coxsachie partakes and is indeed a striking instance.  The streets are narrow and badly laid out.

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	29 miles from Albany on the banks of the Hudson is the village of Athens (Greene Cty.)  This is a pleasant village with many good buildings and some handsome scites.  It is opposite the city of Hudson.  It was called Sunenbury__ It is almost all built on one long street of 2 miles in length.  It is not improving.  There are two churches.  One Lutheran and one Episcopal.  The Lutheran is a old building with an inscription (which however I had not leisure to go to decipher).  Gen Haight’s seat is an elegant place just as you leave the village of Athens, it commands a very handsome prospect of the Hudson and the surrounding country.  It is an elegant house, which Gen Haight just finished before he died. “One man sows and another reaps the harvest.”

	34 miles from Albany is the village of Cattskill the County town of Green Cty where I slept (Botesdorf).  This is more properly called the Landing as the old village of Cattskill is 4 miles back.  The Landing is 3/4 miles from the point, so called where the Kattskill creek empties into the Hudson.  The village is on the Katshill.  These is a goal and a very handsome new Court House-- slopes come into the Katshill to the village.  Over the Katskill is a good

9	draw bridge (Toll bridge)

There are 3 churches 1 Reformed Dutch.  Two banks. Cattskill Bank and Cattskill Aqueduct Association.  The former are building a handsome new Banking House.  The latter were incorporated as a company for the purpose of supplying the village with water, but in the age of banking and issuing notes, they undertook banking operations and emitted considerable paper, pretending that their charter allowed them.  The exercise of their banking powers, whether real or pretended with an uncommon degree of meakness and discretion, which has become very unusual.  Banks at the present day supposing that they accommodate individuals by loaning them money meant they are safe and pay interest.  The same accommodations that a merchant gives to his customer when he sells him goods for cash or approved security.  But the conduct of this company met the approbation of the community so much that the legislature of the State passed a law at the last session confirming their banking powers.  _____Judge advocate General of the State of New York.

Judge _____Abel of Cattskill told me that about 14 years ago, while digging on the banks of the Kateskill or Katskill, for the purpose of building docks or wharves

10	they found Indian bones is a very good state of preservation.  Indian implements of warfare were also found and one remarkable large skeleton was found ornaments with trinkets ___ usually worn by Indians and seated on a place dug in the ground similar to a chair or seat, on which the skeleton was placed in a sitting posture, his head erect.  The skeleton was very large the head and thigh bones particularly.  Judge Abel is a large man of 6 ft. 2 inches high and he said the thigh bone was several (3 or 4) inches longer than his.  Around this large skeleton in a ______ _____ buried in the usual manner a large number of men, women and children.  All in preservation Some Holland bricks, (which are small and very hard burnt) were also found at the same place.  The oldest inhabitants some of whom are 80 years old do not recollect any Indians having been in that vicinity.

May ______ have been an Indian chief buried here and his family buried alive at his funeral.  It is hardly possible that so many should have died at one time?  And on the other hand it cannot be presumed that the corpse of the dead chieftain would be preserved till the number

11	who were buried around him should have died?  If they fell in battle where are the others buried and why the children and females? I can imagine no reason so probable to account for this singular circumstance as the one suggested __that the family and friends of the chief were buried alive, at the funeral of the departed chieftain.  The discovery of the bricks afford another proof that there have been nation or nations inhabiting this continent who were more improved in the arts than the present race of savages or their immediate ancestors. Sufficient proof, I think, exists that they understood at least the art of making brick.

Yesterday, (October 5th). Ira Day of this village failed ___ $200.000 or $300.000. He was a merchant of fair standing and of high credit and considered very rich.  He had embarked in the purchase of real estate which he was improving, particularly at the Point.  He also owned a large quantity of unproductive turnpike stock Almost all speculations of these kinds in the State of New York have failed lately.  Landed property has everywhere become stationary, owing to the immense western emigration,  Mr. Day attributes his failure to the Banks. He was pre

12	sident of the Cattskill Bank for a time and always had unbounded influence in the direction and could obtain as large discounts as he wanted.  This very facility of getting money is to country dealers almost certain ruin. It leads to an increase of business upon false capital beyond all bounds and places the merchant wholly under the control of the banks which are sometimes compelled to retract their discounts and call in their notes.  And if they are not compelled frequently do so of their own mere pleasure.  The evils of the banking system as it is at present conducted in this country are too numerous to be detailed by me in a mere memorandum and indeed are so deeply and universally felt as scarcely to need to be mentioned.  The discovery and application of a remedy are more important and become the serious duty of every well wisher of the community at large.

Last week the Rev. Mr Aikin of Utica married a daughter of Mr. Day. As this is not a public mem. But merely for private perusal.  I will relate an anecdote I heard concerning this marriage.__ I was told that a Gentleman sleeping at a public house in Albany heard Mr. Aikin and another gentleman in conversation in an adjoining room.  The subject

13	was Mr. Aikin’s attention to the ladies and marriage in general.  Mr. A. remarked that there were two young ladies who he esteemed very much.  The one was the handsomest, and most intelligent and accomplished but the other (who was Miss Day) was the richest His subsequent choice confirmed the old proverb.

Some weeks after I passed the Cattskill  I observed a note in the paper that Mr. Day had hung himself.  The circumstances were not mentioned.  This is awful.  Rushing umbidden before his Judge, to relieve himself, probably from the troubles of the mind.  He is unable to bear the difficulties of the moment and braves the torrents of eternity.  A few months ago, this gentleman stood high in the world.  Supposed to be affluent in high credit, character, fair with a large circle of friends and relations who respected and esteemed him.  He enjoyed every comfort and blessing mortals can expect.  Behold the change a bankrupt his credit lost, his character tarnished, dependent of his friends. Pitied by his friends, traduced by his enemies, every remaining comfort is embittered.  He closes his course by suicide.  Mr. Day was formerly a Representative in the Legislature of N. Y. for Greene County and stood very respectable in the federal party.

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10/7/1818	42 Miles from Albany is the town of West Camp (Miles).  There is a church along the road, a small frame building with a steeple and bell, no houses near it.  From Miles tavern, you have a view, which is almost the first of the Blue Mountains along the road; one of them appears very near the top and has the appearance of being placed on.  I saw this particular mountain for many miles.  The view is very grand.

	46 Miles from Albany is Saugerties, Ulster Cy (knows), Ferderick Knows Inn. Motto__ “Live and Let Live”.—Rev. Mr.Van Vlierden was formerly a minister of R. Dutch in this town.  He is a native of Holland and must be at least 80 years old. He grave and venerable in his appearance, although small in stature.  He looks like a man of former days. It is said he was intemperate in his habits and changes were inconsequence preferred against him before the indicatories of the church.  What the result of the investigation was I do not know, but the connection between him and his former congregation is dissolved and he now is without any regular charge.  He occasionally preaches through the country in the Dutch language, which is his only means of subsistence, except the contribution of a few friends.

15	He receives no salary or annuity from his former congregation.  It is always  will be an eternal blot upon the religious and moral character of this congregation and every one who acts like it.  They receive the services of God’s messenger while his health and youth permit, but suffer sickness and old age to be supported by charity.  Mr. V. V. has been obliged to sell his library for his support and being principally Dutch it was much sacrificed.  He was considered a man of mediocre talents.  He was succeeded in his charge by the Rev. Mr. Ostrander.  The church is 3 miles from the village.
	
	Saugerties is on the Hudson and ____ Creek empties into the Hudson at this place.  Mrs. Know told me Saugerties was so called from an old Ductchman who formerly resided here called Sauger.

	53 ½ miles____ In the town of Kingston, Ulster Cy. (Writkin’s) passed through what is called Kingston Pine Bush.

	58 miles__ Village of Kingston. Ulster Cy (____) I lodged at this place, which is a pleasant village 3 miles fro the Hudson River, where is another small

16	village called _____ or Kingston landing.

The village is old and was originally settled by the Dutch and commonly called ____.  It was burnt during the Revolutionary War.  Of the ruins some remain still exist, which I saw.  The walls of several houses are still standing is quite a jubliet part of the village.  One belongs to Peter E. Climendorf now  of Albany. They are matters of curiosity  to the stranger, but do not add to the appearance of the town.

This town is pleasantly situated and appears very handsome as you enter it from the North.   For some miles the ground is level and richly cultivated on both sides of the road.  At a distance you have a grand view of the Blue Mountains overlooking the town and country for many miles.

It was  a fine sunshining afternoon when I entered the town and I thought I had rarely witnessed a finer prospect.  The houses in this town and indeed in most of the surrounding country are generally built of stone, which has an elegant appearance and is very durable.  Many of the houses appear very old.  The streets are very irreular and some of them narrow.  There is but one church which is of the R. D. denomination.  Rev. Mr. Gusman minister.

17	On this church is the following inscription “P. VAS 1722”  The letters I was unable to get deciphered.  A very good account of the “early records of Ulster County N. York.”  May be seen in the Plebian a paper  printed in this town in Sept and Ocotber 1818.

I saw advertised in this town, a Bear fight with dogs.  This is the first thing of the kind I have heard of in the civilized parts of N. York and I was ashamed that there should be even one instance.  Where the humanity of the good people of this town can be I know not when they allow such sports in a thickly settled population.  I should sincerely hope that the magistrate would have good sense and virtue enough to stop so much a sport.

I met with a very pleasant girl at Supper.  She was interesting in her conversation and agreeable in her manners and displayed an education and converse with genteel society much above her situation.  All the information I obtained concerning Kingston was from her.

I had to lament the total ignorance of the landlord and indeed every one I met as to the route of traveling.  All the inhabitants seem to know is the road to the Hudson River.  The landlord could direct about 30 miles, and said he

18	knew nothing of the road concerning which I wanted to know beyond that.

To this Country I feel a considerable degree of native attachment, although I have never been here before this time.  Here my mother was born and many of connections on her side reside at this time.  Many of the fireside stories told by my mother and other friends have their venue here.

10/8/1818	62 miles is Hunley, Ulster Cty.   This is a small village with a few houses on one street.  There is a Ref. Dutch Church here, a verygood building with an inscription___

		Andrew Newkirk
		Johanies Suyland		Abraham Dubois
		Jacob Harp			Christopher Snyder
		Pettus Elmendorf  Jacobus Hardenbergk James Gillespie
1807	1807

On my right going to Marbletown is Marbletown Creek
Which rises.
And empties

67 miles from Albany in Marbletown Church in the town of Marbletown. Reformed Dutch denomination, inscribe on the church as follows. 

		The Rev.
	   Abrm Van Horn

Cont. E _________   	John Cantine
 			Joannes Calvinier
Isaac Davis		Jacob Hasbouck

19	John Brodhead	David and Marie Beier
Anno Domino 1792

John Cantine was an uncle of my mother.

The next town to Marbletown is Rochester also in Ulster Cy.  Where I breakfasted (alliger) 73 miles.

76 miles.  Rochester Church.  Ref. Dutch__This is an old church which in the rage of putting away old things is now new ______.

Next to Marbletown is Wawassing in the same Cy.
Passed Wawassing Creek
Also Round out Creek
Also Sand bar creek.

88 miles__ Slept at Leuren Kill in Wawassing (Bevier’s).  This is a small creek which empties into the Sand bar creek.  I am now in the Highlands and am wholly surrounded by mountains and in the vicinity of what is called The Great or Hardenbergh Patent Bevier told me that the natural course of trade was to Newburgh and not to Kingston, that the distance was much shorter and the markets better, that in Newburgh they paid Cash for all kinds of Country produce, but in Kingston, the buyers would rarely pay Cash, but wanted the farmers to trade for it.  The only impediment to the trade to Newburgh is the roads. These are very bad and mountainous.

20	The Neversink turnpike which was incorporated some years ago by the legislature is a cause of very general dissatisfaction in the neighborhood.  A Law was passed subsequent to its incorporation authorizing a tax on the inhabitants within a certain number of miles of the turnpike.  This turnpike leads to the Great or Hardenbergh patent in which Lucas Elmendorf owns a large quantity of lands.  Mr. E. was a Senator a the time the last law was passed and he is accused of having ______ the law to be enacted not for the public good, but for private advantage.  Mr. E. is one of the commissioners to lay the tax and receives the money.  Beviers say he is taxed $46 and owes 100 ___ mostly unpaid and lives 5 m from the turnpike and which is of no earthly advantage to him.  The road leading off from him.

Gen. Bevier and other neighbors swear vengeance against the Elmendorf an say they will serve him __ _____ Hardenbergh was done.  Gen. B. is the son of Capt. B a revolutionary officer and is in possession of a field piece which was used in the war by his father’s company.  He has had this piece drawn up to his house and has fired it off two or three times as a show of daring vengeance.

21	As the fate of Groes Hardenbergh may be unknown, I will relate it as near as I can recollect.  His father was the patenee of the Great or Hardenbergh patent.  Groes being very wild and dissipated, his father disinherited him and left the property to the children of Groes.  The Children of Groes all died without ____ upon which Groes as heir at law became vested of the property, and immediately commenced ejection suites against the occupants and recovred.  The tenants not leaving immediately he issued orders to the Sheriff to turn them out at once,  women and children.  Upon which the tenants swore they would kill anyone who attempted to execute the process.  This having deterred all the officers, Groes determined to go personally to execute the process.  The first place he entered into exercising his authority very brutally he was shot and instantly died.  The murderer was never discovered.  He was about commencing the other ejectment for land of his father in the parts of this country, which dropped immediately on his unfortunate death and have never since been  revived.

10/9/1818	Went through the town of Mamahaey (Sullivan Cy) to Mamahating Hollow in same town (Milleim) Where I breakfasted 9 miles.  This town is situated in the mist

22	of the mountain and is thinly settled, particularly along the road I traveled.  In a distance of 10 miles I met with not more than a dozen houses and farms.  The road is rough.   Mamahating Hollow, is so called because it is a low spot between the mountains.  An attempt was made to never name it Rome  but as generally happens the old prevails and it is almost always called by the old name.   It is a village of 15 or 20 houses, on the Newberry and Geneva turnpike road and has a church__ plain frame building

	Crossed the turnpike and continued my route through Deerpark Orange Cy.  (___________) 110 miles.

	Crossed the Neversink creek (110 ½ miles) which rises and empties

After I crossed the Neversink, I passed through Pinpack in the town of Minisink Orange Cy. And continued through the town of Minisink which is the last town in the State of New York to Carpenters Point.

119 miles is the Minisink Church, which is a handsome country church.

120 miles__ Crossed the Delaware River at Carpenters

23	Point where there is a ferry.  At this point is the corner of the three states New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.  The Delaware is here sometimes called Minisink River__  It was almost dark when I crossed this ferry and when I reached the Pennsylvania shore it was quite dark.  I continued my route for 7 miles through upper Smithfield tp Pike Cy to the village of Milford in the same township where I slept at Buchanan’s. It is dark and continual apprehension troubled me riding in a strange country ignorant of the people and their character.  From Carpenters Point to Milford there is not one tavern.  It is an elegant road with the Delaware on one side and the mountains on the other.  It resembles riding on the beach.

Milford is a pleasant village in the Delaware of recent growth and promises to be a place of considerable importance.   It appears to be growing very considerable and the attention of the community appears to be divided to making the place of consequence.  It is the country town of Pike Cy, Which is a new county lately organized.  There is a new Court House a plain small building, which as they have no church is sometimes occupied as a Church by every denomination indiscriminately.  There are 5 lawyers in this village.  The turnpike from Owego leads to this place for which a lottery was lately drawn and the legis-

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lature of Pennsylvania have made an additional grant for its completion.  It is an important and very expensive road.  Several miles of it are finished  on which there is already much traveling.  The company are incorporated and it will be a toll-road for the benefit of the Stockholders.  There are two turnpikes from the City of New York which terminate directly apposite to this village or the other side of the Delaware.  A State road is also laid out from Harrisburgh to this place and one from Wilkesbarre both of which will be completed in a few years.  These two last are paid for and completed by the respective town through which the road goes.  This is undoubtedly the proper method of making turnpikes and having good roads.  The legislature of Pennsylvania are paying great attention to the improvement of roads and deserve the thanks of the community at large.  The village is situated on the Delaware but the principle part of the buildings are from ¼ to ½ m. from the Rivers.  I conceive this village to be the most promising I have seen for sometime and its advantage, the ____ commanding and have no doubt that in the course of a few years it will be one of the largest and most flourishing inland towns.  The Delaware is navigable with small boats above this place.

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10/10/1818	Went to breakfast to Delaware tp. Pike Cy.  135m (Dickensons) this tp lies along the Delaware River.  There is an academy at this place a mall building also two or three houses.  Saw a fast race in which the successful party walked a mile in less that 8 minutes this is hilly land, but rich along the Delaware.  It is poorly improved and not many inhabitants.  The tavern is _______ kept and offers few of the comforts of the life

	145 miles is Middle Smithfield tp Pike Cy. (P. Gravious) conversed with old German landlady who was very communicative and told me her who history.  Although she apoke English with difficulty.  I struck  her fancy particularly because I spoke Dutch.

	147 miles crossed Bushhill which empties into the Delaware a few miles off.  It is a small stream but sufficient for mills.

	149 miles in same tp Broke down with my wagon.  I made a wooden bolt and drew my wagon 1 ½ miles to Colbach’s a blacksmith on the bushhill whom I found absent and I was oblidged to stay all night till Sunday morning to get my conveyance mended.  Colbach was a great ______ and told me many hunting anecdotes.  I spent my evening very pleasantly and socially.

10/11/1818	This morning although it was Sunday, I had my wagon mended up by Colbock and proceeded on
	152 m is Middleboro’ Middle Smithfiled tp. Same Cy (Colbach)

26	155 m is lower Smithfield tp.  Northapmton Cy. (Landers)  This country is richly timbered and tolerable land.  Immense tracts of forrest lie back which none but hunters ever traverse  and principally owned by foreigners.
	
	160 miles is the village or borough of Stroudsbergh tp of Strouds Northampton Cy. (Kenner) on the Pohno creek about 4 ½ m from Delaware River. ¼ m back in Brookead’s creek which is said to be an elegant stream.  This is the county town of Northampton.  There is a Court House here and a Quaker church.  The village is chiefly settled, by Quakers.  It was originally laid out by Jacob Stroud Esq. of Amwell N. Jersey who was one of the original proprietors.  He died at this place and has a handsome monument.  He was one of the convention who formed the Constitution of the U. S.
	
	167 miles is Hamilton tp Northampton Cy (Hillins)  This is a good tavern.  Conversed with an old Hanoverian who served in Germany against the French.  He came to this country with the British during the revolution was 4 year prisoner with the Americans__ was at the taking of Cornwallis__ is 84 years old.  He reads without spectacles and writes Dutch, English, old English and other languages with great facility and calculates arithmetically with ease.  After he has wrote English he cannot read it.

	Conversed with the landlord, who is a town assessor and a very civil man about town regulations in Pennsylvania.

10/12/1818	170 m.  came to the turnpike leading from Wilkesbarre.

27	47 OR 48 M. from W.  It is to lead to Allentown  and Easton is finished as far to where the road forks to those places.  This is the best turnpike road I ever saw.  173m Crossed the Blue Mountains through the Wind Gap so called in opposition to the Water Gap.  The latter is near the water the former at some distance and high winds are said to prevail.  They are 12 to 15 m. apart and the Water Gap is on the Delaware River

	174 m. in the midst of the mountains is Windham Plainfield tp. Northampton Cy (Lawalls) so called from being in vicinity of the Wind Gap.

	On asking the reason of the name of the landlady where I stopt she replied she knew none except that all places must have names. 

	180 m. is Moore tp. Same Cy (Schalls)

	188 m is Hanover tp. Cy of Lehigh. (Kenner)  This is the division between Northampton and Lehigh counties and this tp (Hanover) is in both counties

	193 m.  The river Lehigh, which empties into the Delaware at Easton about 18 miles below.  Crossed over a handsome bridge with 3 peirs.   The rest of the bridge supported by iron chain connected with the structure erected on the peirs.  This bridge was originally owned in shares being an incorporated company but is now owned by Pat Jameison an Irishman who failed 2 or 3 yrs since and took benefit of ______ law.  2 or 3 shares are owned by others.  The property is considered very productive.  Boats can come up from Easton to this place.

28	194 miles is the Borrough of Northampton.  Allan tp Cy of Lehigh.  In this village there are 2 churches, 1 Lutheran and 1 Presbyterian.  This is the county town of Lehigh which is a new county lately organized.  The court house is a new elegant building and quite _____________.  The public offiers are held in the same building.  It is a large stone edifice with a circle in the rear for the judge’s seat.  The offices are in the wings.  There is considerable legal business done in this county and there are 3 lawyers living in the borough.  The Court is frequented during the session (I was told) by women.  This must operate as a stimulus to the young enthusiast for distinction.  But it is said the country girls embrace this opportunity for the purpose of sparking.  There is a fine Market House in the village also a Bank called the Northampton Bank.  Mr. Allen, now dead, was the original proprietor of the borough and the town was named from him.  The borough is frequently called Allentown.  Mr. Davis, a lawyer of this place treated me with much politeness and showed me to the Court House and gave me all the information he possessed about the place.  A Company of militia paraded after dark (by moonlight) this evening.

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10/13/1818	202 miles is Trexlertown Cy of Lehigh (Trexler) This village consists of a Lutheran Church, 2 taverns and 3 or 4 houses.

For considerable distance along this road there are many houses with inscriptions as on churches.

209 miles is one on which is inscribed on a slab near the roof “I & M Timmerman 1816” being the husband and wife who built the house, which appears to be the usual manner
a little further is a new house “Daniel Hoffenstein.  Susannah Hoffenstein 1818”

212 miles is the Borough of Kutstown, Maxatony tp. Berks cy. (levans)
This Borough was named from the original proprietor or owner Kuts now dead.  It is a small village, not growing.  It was lively which was owing perhaps to its being the first day of the general election.  It has not the appearance of doing much business.  There is a church occupied by the Lutherans and Presbyterians jointly.

The landlord where I ____ up is candidate for Assembly on the Independent Republican or Heister ticket, which failed, although Gen. Heister was himself reelected to Congress.  The landlord was very busy while I remained.  I treated the voters very liberally.

30	221 m. is Maidencreek tp. Berks Cy.  I found the landlord and another person playing cards publicly in the barroom in the afternoon.

230 m is the borough of Reading.  Berks Cy. (Scherer)  This town is well built and its general appearance is very handsome.  One street particularly is long well built wide and some part of it the sidewalk is paved.  There is a Bank called the Farmer’s Bank of Reading.  This was the last day of election and the town was quite noisy.  Balls on the occasion in several places more resembling however, country frolics.  Dancing at one place in the lower story front room.  Cards were played the whole evening in the barroom where I staid__ also French billiards.  There are 2 market houses and the Court House is situated between them.  The C. House is a plain small building.  My landlord was quite a Boniface and the tavern reminded me very forcibly of Clench’s at Schenectady.  It is indeed quite a pewter mug tavern.  He was a friend of Heister and supported him warmly.  Heister lives in the village and was a candidate for Congress.  He is very popular at home.  I find everybody in this part of the state whom I met Germans and Democrates.  I have not yet

31	met one federalist.  The landlord railed very much about hard times and particularly against Banks.  Indeed the universal cry against Banks.  A stonecutter’s dwelling which I saw here was prettily ornamented by two small marble dogs handsomely carved over his door.

This borough is on the Schuy_hill and is 70 miles from Philadelphia.

10/14/1818	Crossed the Schuylhill over a very handsome covered bridge, resembling in shape and appearance the one over the Mohawk River at Schenectady, however much shorter.  The gate is ornamented with a handsome figure (I cannot tell what however)  I was told that I could ford the river at this place.  After I passed the bridge.  I crossed a considerable _______ or made way.  The turnpike from here to Harisburgh are very bad.

	234 ½ miles is Sinking Spring.  Gomorrah tp. Berk Cy.  So called from a spring which is large and full of water in the Spring season and is then fit to carry a mill but drys away and sinks into ground in the fall and is scarcely visible.  The water, I was told is palabale and good in the Spring.  It was dry at this time.

32	Heidelberg tp. Berk Cy 238 mile
	From Reading to Lebanon I traveled on the Berks and Dauphin Turnpike which is altogether the vilest road, at this time, that I have ever traveled.  It is nothing but stones and earth thrown up.

	244 miles is Womelsdorf. Heidelberg tp. Berk Cy (Seltzer)  This is a small village awkwardly built almost all the houses are log.  Here is a Lutheran Church.
	On the road from Womelsdorf I met a German about 45 or 50 yrs old, from Wittenberg (Germany).  He arrived at Philadelphia about 6 weeks since he left Germany about 3 months ago.  He talked English very well considering that he had learned it since he arrived in this country, before which he told me he could not speak a word.  He was traveling leisurely to Carlisle where he had a brother.  He liked America much better than Germany.  Although it rained, he smoked his pipe, talked and walked at the rate of 35 miles per diem.  He had left his family at Philadelphia.

	246 m is Stockton, a small village in same township Between Womelsdorf and Moyerstown are 2 churches in the woods one Lutheran and one Presbyterian.  The Lutheran churches have generally a better appearance than the others.

33	251 miles is Meyerstown.  Bethlehem tp, Cy of Lebanon.  This village is so called from the original proprietor (Meyer).  There is a handsome Lutheran Church.

	258 miles is Lebanon borough.  Lebanon tp, Lebanon cy. (Reinhart).  It was dark before I reached this place and nothing visible.  The night was very dark and the sky cloudy.  I have not traveled any part of the road, which appeared so long and tedious as the last 3 or 4 miles of this route.  I slept at Lebanon this night.  This is the county town and the Court House is said to [be] the most elegant in the state.  It is a new brick building quite large and has a very handsome outside appearance.  It is ornamented with a figure of Justice.  It was shut and I had no opportunity to of seeing the inside.  The county is a new one lately organized.  A Large proportion of the houses here as well as in all the villages are log.  There are 3 churches, 1 Presbyterian and 1 R. Catholic.  There are said to be not as many R. Catholics in this borough as of the other denominations, although they are numerous.  Their church is a middle sized brick building and neat in its construction.

	There is a good stone goal with a very large yard enclosed with a high stone fence for the benefit of the prisoners.  This is undoubtedly a very beneficial, useful and proper arrangement.  It is conducive and promotes the health of the prisoners, without injury to the public.  Both at this place and several others on the road I have observed large stone houses appearing like half

34	houses to which the other half could be attached when convenient.  They are exactly ½ houses.  Gardends not in front and having no slope backwards.
	
	For the last 100 m and for considerable distance on any road I have found the barns immensely large resembling castles mostly built of stone with windows some in fact glazed some 3 and 4 stories high while in most cases the dwelling houses were small and in many instances log.   The settlers or inhabitants are generally Germans and very rich.  The soil is very luxuriant.

10/15/1818	263 mil. Is Millerstown, Anville tp. Lebanon Cy (Matters)  There is a Lutheran Church of which the Rev Mr. Ernst is Minister.  Bell was ringing as I passed for Catechetical Lecture.

Saw a Mr. Reid, by trade a fiddler for frolics and who has no other business for his living.  He is 6 ft 4 in high and stout built.  I was told he made a good support by his business.  This town was so called from the original owner a Mr. Miller now dead.

268 miles is Palmston also called from the original owner of the soil.  It is now called Palmyra.  It is in Londonderry tp Lebanon tp (Dashers) There was a collection of farmers in the tavern who kept up a raling in consequence of a Lawyer having been an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate of the state in opposition to a Farmer.  The determined

35	that Lawyers were particularly unfit to make Law.  A country square was particularly violent and criticized Smith Edition of the Laws of Peru with great severity and denominated them a Great take in.  He censured them for including the obsolete laws for the purpose of confounding the common class of people when they ought to have been published separately.   I have never seen the edition.  The Squire was a violent democrat and said that the only time the demos had done wrong was in granting the U. S. bank charter and in their conduct generally in granting bank incorporations.

272 m. is a small Presbyterian Church in the woods in Londonderry tp Dauphin cy.

275 m is Hummelston Derry tp Dauphin Cy (Spade) so called from original proprietor who owned a large tract of land and laid out the town.  The inhabitants are about ½ English and ½ Germans and the landlord said was increasing.  It is situated on a hill on the side of which flows the Swathara creek it has a Lutheran Church, which is ornamented with a fish.

276 m. crossed Swathara Creek
283 ½ m. crossed Paxton Creek, both of these empty into the Susquehanna.

36	I observed that all the travelers I met both old and young travel on horseback which is the case in all the western country.

284 m.  Harrisburgh when I arrived some time after dark. (Fridley)

10/16/1818	Spent this day in Harrisburgh This is the County town of Dauphin Cy and was made the Seat of Government for the state about 6 years ago.  It is divided into four wards and is incorporated as a borough.  It contains two banks.  The Harrisburgh Bank and the Swathara Bank.  The Legislature at present meet in the old Court House which is a plain old building and not very large.  In this building are also held the county offices such as ________ and Register.  On a small hill or rather rise of ground back of the town are the state buildings.  About 6 years ago two public buildings were erected by the state; they are exactly similar in appearance.  The are large two story brick buildings plain in their appearance with covered porches or piazzas of the same height as the buildings themselves projecting from the roof and supported by large pilasters or pillars.  I went through one marked on the outside “State Treasury Department”  It contained below on the first floor one large room being the Auditor General’s office and one small one occupied as “Treasurer’s office” upstairs were two rooms occupied by the Sec. Of the Commonwealth.  The rooms are plain and have no particular ornaments.  The other building is marked

37	“Law Department” and its construction is similar.  There is another public building on this hill, “The Arsenal” which was finished a year or two ago.  It is about 100 feet long by 25 broad.  3 story in the center and 2 in the wings.  It is built of brick and has a steeple.  About 3 years ago the legislature appropriated $50,000 to building a State House.  About $30,000 or $40,000 of which was expended in buying materials stone, brick and boards which were then placed on the hill and still remain there.  Nothing has been since done concerning the buildings, owing to politics.  Several attempts have been made to remove the seat of government to Lancaster and also to the West.  But they have failed and better opinion is that if it is removed at all it will be removed to Philadelphia.  Two members have been elected from Harrisburgh with the express view of affecting a further grant for the completion of the public buildings in this place.  All the buildings were erected by Hills, a noted and elegant architect.

		The court is held in a common two story brick house rather long.  There are two steeples in the town one on the Court House and other on the building occupied as a State House, on which is a town clock

		There are 3 churches German Lutheran, German Presbyterians and English Presbyterians.  The first is a large and very elegant church built by Hills.  It is brick and the front has the appearance of two rising battlements.

38	It has no steeple.  It has an organ which cost $1,500.  The Ger Lutheran is the largest and richest congregation.  The other congregations have plain small buildings.

	There are 4 newspapers printed here 3 English and 1 German.  The latter is Republican and one of the former.

	There was an United States officer __ writing in this place.  The appearance of it is disagreeable in peace.

	In the Lutheran grave yard I found the following inscriptions.

	“Arnold Potter Esq of Canadaqua County, New York”
	“Mrs Rachel Marks Graydon born in Barbadoes died in the vicinity Jany 23, 1807 in the 70th year of her age.
		Her virtues would sustain a prouder monument
		Yet___ tis enough!”
	“Designed as a solemn tribute of gratitude and respect to the memory of Eleanor Graydon the most beloved and affectionate consort and friend of William Graydon who departed this life March 20 1801 aged 45 years and 4 days
		___When such friends part
		‘Tis the survivor dies”

	In the grave yard I also saw several monuments with Merely the names of the deceased

	A very handsome bridge is thrown over the Susquehanna at this place.  It is about a mile in length.  It is divided into two parts and crosses an island in the center.  It opens into the center of the town.  It was begun and partly built and planned by Theodore Burr and finished by an inscription on it viz.  “This Bridge built by Theodore

39	Burr 1813 to 1817 cash                    Dollars”
	From the hill when the public buildings are erected, there is a beautiful view of the town, of the Susquehanna, and the surrounding country and from the roof of the buildings the view must be very extensive and elegant.  The soil in the town is a loose gravel on the hill it is a sand rather resembling a running sand_ when you did 7 or 8 feet you find a hard large gravel similar to what is found in the bed of the river and the soil is then solid.  From repeated examination of the soil an old man who had charge  of and showed me the public buildings, and who had a considerable fund of knowledge conjectured that this hill was all made-ground and that the Susquehanna had formerly wound it course where the hill is now found and that she had gradually receded till she fixed in her present bed, which is along the mountain and that as the river receded the hill had been formed.  Where the larger part of the town is now built, there was formerly a large marsh about 30 or 40 yrs. since.  A Mr. Youngblood who lives just below the State House hill says that he well recollects when he came into this marsh for his father’s cows and trod by mistake from the ____ path into the marsh and went down waist deep and that the ground shook around him for an acre or more.  He then lived 2 or 3 miles distant from where the town is now situated.

40
on the North East of the town are _______ Mountains thru which the Susquehanna runs.

The first proprietor of this town was John Harris after whom it was named.  He was a Scotchmen.  I presume.  He first came here before or during the French war.  In which time he had built a cabin and was much hated by the Indians.  At one time being pursued by an Indian he fled and being unable to escape he climbed into a large shady mulberry tree on the banks of the Susquehanna under which the Indians came in pursuit of him and never discovered him.  He lived many years after and died here.  He was the first proprietor of the town and laid it out and _____ at his death which was some years ago 4 acr. For the erecting of public state edifices declaring that this place would in process of time be the capital of the sate to which tract of 4acr, the state have since added 10 acrs by purchase on which are the public buildings.  The mulberry tree is still standing although dead and decayed.  It having been struck by lighting a few years since.  It’s top is all withered and gone but the stump and lower branches still remain about 15 feet high.  Under or near its roots Harris and his wife are buried at his particular dying request.  The place is surrounded by paling nearly worn out and shaded by 5 or 6 popular trees there is no stone or monument.  I saw the tree near this lives the son of Harris the present Mr. Harris is a large spacious stone house, but

41	rather antiquated, shaded handsomely with trees from which there is also a fine view of the Susquehanna nearly opposite on the other of the Susquehanna is a cave, which however I did not visit.

10/17/1818	Left Harrisburgh crossed the Susquehanna over the bridge and went to Mechanicsburgh went half by turnpike and half by old road, both equally bad.
   289 miles	There is a church in the woods.
   292 miles	Mechanicsburgh, west Pennborough tp Cumberland Cy (Millers) although this is called Mechanics burgh I saw no great appearance of attention to Mechanic Business.

   307 m	Carlisle Borough. Middleton tp Cumberland Cy  This is the county town.  There is an old jail plastered like the new College at Schy and has a large yard in the rear a most laudable practice.  The Court House is a brick building ordinary in its appearance.
	
	The College which is here is a large stone building with two wings and very much resembles the old building at Schy.  This is an old town and has very few new or elegant buildings.  But it has the appearance of age and solidity—and is handsomely situated.	Creek runs as you enter the town over which there is a bridge—it is a small creek.  I was told there is a cave 1 ½ miles off.

    311 m.	Dickinson tp. Cumberland Cy. (Weakley) Here I slept.

10/18/1818
    322 miles	Is Shippensburgh Southampton tp Cumberland Cy (Keefer).  There are 3 churches.  _______, Methodist and Lutheran.  The last also occupied by the Presbyterians who have a church 2 miles distant.  The Lutheran church has a steeple the others have none.

42	A Drover was stopped for traveling this day (being Sunday) and fined $4.  Also a tin peddler.  It collected a great crowd of people—After they had paid their fine they were allowed to pass and travel on.  I expected to be stopped but fortunately was not.  I started sometime before day and rode in company with a Dutch Marylander for some way.  He was as keen as a Yankee.
	
	A small creek (             ) runs through middle of Shippensburgh, over which is a bridge.

      331 m	Crossed the East Canajahoga or Fourth Creek.
      
      333 m	Chambersburgh, Southampton tp Franklin Cy.  There is a Bank here.  This is quite a hansome town and is large and respecteable but being Sunday I was not able to view it much.  It has a market House and Court House, being the County town.  There are several churches.  I saw a funeral and was told it was customary to toll the bell immediately after the death of a person if he died in the night they tolled in the morning and when the person is about to be buried they ring and when the _____ moves they toll.

	Just beyond the town is the East Canajahoga or Fourth Creek which I mentioned before which we crossed.  After you cross this creek you begin to ascend slate hills in great abundance.

      339 m.	Crossed Back creek, after which crossed what is vulgarly called Back creek hills—The country about these hills is pour and the soil all slate.

 43    342 m.	Campbellstown.  Peters tp Franklin Cy.  This is a miserable poor ___ of a town—houses all built of log and but few of them.  Just after you leave the town or village, there is a fine piece of turnpike.  It is filled up between two hills and the hills dug down.  It is filled up at least 15 feet.

      344 ½ m	Peters tp Cy of Franklin (Thomson)  He has a brother at Chilicothe.  Judge Thomson.   At this house house there slept with me a number of Ohio emigrants traveling on foot.

10/19/1818	
       348 miles	Loudon.  Peters tp Franklin Cy.  This is situated at the foot of North or Cove Mountain.  Just as you enter the village is the West Canajahoga or Third creek.  The three creeks East and West Canajahoga and Back Creek all run into the Powtomach.  They unite and empty at Williamsburgh (Vir).  I here began to ascend the Cove Mountian.  It is admirably turnpiked which is very wonderful as the ordinary turnkies in this country are excessively bad.  It is 8 miles across as the road runs, but it is said would be be about 5mi direct from Loudon to Mr. Connel’s town.
    
       352 m.	Top of North Mountain.  Here is an elegant & extensive view.  Mr. Connel’s town appears about within stone’s throw although 3 or 4 miles distant in a direct line.  The rich fields when in culture around Mr. Connel’s town could add much to the prospect  The distant hills terminating the prospect, render the scene truly sublime.

       356 m.	Mr. Connel’s town.  This is at the foot of the Cove Mountain

44
Oct. 19 cont.	(Scott).  Ayr tp Cy. Of Bedford  it has a small church & is a small town settled mostly by Scotch & Irish.  It is named after Mr. Connel the first settler & proprietor, an Irishman, now dead
	I have met a large quantity of ohio emigrants particularly one body, with their wagons marked “Ohio Enterprise”

       366 ms.	Belfast tp. Cy of Bedford, foot of Sideling hill (Reamees).  Here I slept after having rode this afternoon at the risk of any life down hills, through gulleys & up paths in hills almost perpendicular  Overtook Mr & Mrs Vernon of Louisville, with whom I travelled in company to Pittsburgh.

Oct 20th.	 This morning I crossed the Sideling Hill, this is about 5 miles a cross in reality but it is all hill to the Tamiata River which is 9 miles.  It is neither so high nor so steep as Cove Mountain, but as the road now is it is vastly worse to cross.  On Cove mountain there is no appearance of improvement & scarcely any spot fit for cultivation but on this hill there is occasionally some that might be cultivated & there are a few inhabitants.  Some will inhabit on the ___ best & rudest places in the world.  I started the morning before day, to avoid the teamsters on the hill

        375 miles	Providence tp  Bedford Cy (Householders).  The landlord is a German with the disposition of a complete Yankee.  He inquired about every thing.

45.
Oct. 15 __. 375 ½ Miles.  Crossed the Tamiata River, over the bridge.  There was scarcely any water.  The bridge is erected on very high buttements & supported by iron chains.  It is not long but it is a work of great labor as the buttments & bridge are very high to aid the descent from the mountains.  Over the bridge are high timbers from which iron chains are fastened to the bridge to support it.

      378 miles.	I broke the wheel of my wagon & was obliged to delay an hour or two to get a piece of iron welded on of about 15 inches for which I was charged $1.50.  Human nature in every clime is inclined to take advantage of the necessities of their neighbours.

      383 miles.	Waynesborough or Bloody Run Providence tp Bedford Cy.  a small village on the         river so called because it is a scene of a skirmish in Wayne’s campaign between Americans & Indians.

      386 m.	Same township.  Here is a farm formerly owned by an Indian called Snake Spring who lived here.  There is now a tavern called Snake Spring tavern kept by Snively

      390 miles.	Bedford.  County town of Bedford Cy. (Schell)  There is a Bank called Bedford Bank in this place.  The handsomest house in town is occupied by a lawyer (Riddle).  It is certainly a very elegant house.  The Bedford Springs which are much frequented in the warm season are 1 ½ miles from the village.  A coal mine has been discovered

46
Oct 20 cont.	but this is not by any means ___ais.

Oct 21. 399 ms. Schellsburgh. Napier tp  Bedford Cy. (Schells)
       
        405 m.	Commenced crossing the Allegany mountains.  This is the steepest pitch of any I have crossed.  The steep part only continues 2 or 3 miles but the elevation continues till we reach Hoystown.

        410 ms.	Shade tp. Somerset Cy. (Stadtler)  I have met many emigrants.  Some from almost every eastern & northern State.  On this route I met some from Delaware, they told me that there were a great number emigrating from that State (small as it is).

        419 ms.	Hoystown         tp. Somerset Cy. (Graham)  We slept at this place which is a small village.

Oct 22.
       420 m.	Began [crossed out] Crossed Laurel Ridge which is a bout 8 ms. across.  It is so well turnpiked that it is crossed with little difficulty.  Notwithstanding it is so well worked the inspectors have refused to pass it, which the [crossed out] some part of the road already paid for is intolerable.  On the top of the Ridge  a man came out of a small cabin having change in his hand, & asked me for toll, although no gate was up.  Upon asking him why there was no gate, he pretended they had had no time to erect it.  I paid him & went on, but afterwards discovered he was an imposter & had swindled me out of my money.  I had a quarrel with some drovers who filled the whole road & were excessively impudent but I finally compelled them to give me part of the road.  These wagoners are the 

47	
Oct 22 cont.	greatest nuisance that can be conceived on this road.  In getting out of my wagon to ascend Laurel Ridge on foot I fell & 2 wheels of my wagon run over my leg.

      434 m.	Lughlintown. Donegal tp. Westmoreland Cy. (A___)  So named after an old Scotchman (Lughlin) now dead who was one of the first settlers.  Here they use Coal fires.  Coal is found in abundance in the vicinity of this village & is used almost constantly to Pittsburgh.  I have passed before coming to Lughlintown through Queekammor tp. Somerset Cy.
	Continuing to Ligonier I met an Irishman with whom I conversed.  He stopt me on my road.  He was a federalist & said he had fought the whole neighborhood for 12 years & that they wanted to kill him.

      437 ms.	Ligonier in Donegal & Fairfield tp Westmoreland Cy. (Meyers). Named after Lord Ligonier.  Fort Ligonier is near this village & was an old haunt for Indians.  The village was began about 2 yrs ago.  The old village is about 3 mile off.  Gen St Clair lived in the vicinity of this place on Chestnut Ridge

      446 ms.	Youngstown Unity tp. Westmoreland Cy. (Lehmer) So named after a Mr. Young (now dead) it was commenced about 14 or 15 years ago.  Lehmer recollects when Fort Ligonier was standing & has often seen it.  The Fort was built in the French war.
	Crossed Chesnut Ridge this is turnpiked & the road runs through a gap by which means the hill is avoided.  All the roads, however, are wretchedly bad

48
Oct 22 cont
      456 miles.	Greensburgh tp Westmoreland Cy. (De____).  Here we slept.
	There is a bank at this place called       
	This is the county town.
	Being night when I arrived & starting before day I saw but little of the town.

Oct 22.	About a mile from Greensburgh descending a small hill my wagon broke, horse ran away, wagon upset & I was thrown out & considerably hurt.
      
      468 ms.	Greensburgh tp Westmoreland Cy. (Stewarts)

     474 ms.	Turtle Creek & Turtle Creek hill both of  which I crossed.  This hill although scarcely ever named in the route, is still a bad hill.

480.	 	Wilhinsburgh a small village

&. 483.	East Liberty. The same

Oct 23.  487.	Pittsburgh. Allegany Cy. (Hunters).

& Oct 24	This town is situated at the Union of Allegany & Monongahela  For description _____ several works.  The town is filled with emigrants of all nations on the globe. a great many Englishmen.  There were more than 100 boarders at Hunters.  The water was very low & although there were a great number of boats ready to go down, still they were unable.
	There are 2 banks. The City Bank & the Farmers & Mechanics.
	The place has a dismal appearance-black & smoky originating from the universal use of coal.
	I was on the scite of old Fort Pitt or Des Quesne & such with Jeremiah Hamilton who was here 30 or 35 years ago when there were only 2 or 3 houses: He recollects the fort & has often been on the scene of Braddock’s defeat when it was

49
Oct 23 & 
24 cont	still covered with bones.  It is 8 or 9 mis from Pittsburgh.  The old fort was taken away, the brick sold, & from it many houses built some of which still remain.

Oct. 25.	Robinson tp Allegany Cy. – 500 miles – (       )
       
      509 miles	Smith tp. Washington Cy.  Crossed Water Racoon creek & Water Racoon hill

      513 miles	Bricelands Cross Roads. Washington Cy.  where I slept (Bricelands).  This is by far the best tavern I have yet stopt at.

Oct 26th.	Crossed the line between Pennsylvania & Virginia & crossed a small corner of Virginia

       524 ½ miles Came to Ohio River which I crossed.  The river is pretty wide but not very deep crossed in a ferry boat.

       525 mis	Steuberville.  Steuber tp. Jefferson Cy. (Jenkinson) This is a pleasant village & has a fine appearance & situation, but is not improving rapidly.  It is devoted almost wholly to Manufactures.

       533 miles.	Cross Creek in Cross Creek tp, same Cy.

       539 m.	Wayne tp. Same Cy. (Richey).  The landlord is about 35 years old & says he was born here, he is the oldest native of the country I have yet met with.  The country is hilly.  Roads however are better than in Pennsylvania but the season is so delightful that all roads _____ good

       550 ms.	Cadiz. Cadiz tp Hampon Cy (Platt).  This is the county town of a new County (Hampon).  The public buildings are

50
Oct 26 cont.	not yet erected.  This is a small village pleasantly situated on a hill, but has no earearthly advantage, except that it is a dry spot.

Oct 27.	Morefield. Nottingham tp Hampon Cy. (    ) is 562 miles
        
        566 ms. 	is Freeport tp Hampon Cy. (Adams)

        575 m	is Derry. Londonderry tp Guernsey Cy. this is called a village but is only 2 or 3 houses together

577.	Madison tp Guernsey Cy.

579.	East Winchester. Same Cy. a Small village          tp. Guernsey Cy.

586 ms.	Slept at (Hills). a log house with 2 rooms in which 6 or 7 travellers with 3 	
		or 4 childrns slept beside the family.  Landlord was excessively talkative, 
		had lived here many years & gave me all the information he could.  The
		land is hilly & broken. Roads generally bad.-sometimes impassable.  The 
		soil not very good.  He assigned as the reason for his settling, that an 
		emigrant will generally after coming a considerable distance, settle on the 
		first tolerable spot he can find.  He says all the country round is very hilly
		& a great deal is still unentered.  Emigrants now go farther West.  The 
		road is on the ridge- at least a considerable part of it.  He says the
		next war will be against the Banks.  This is in Cambridge tp. Guernsey Cy.

Oct 28th  591 ms. Cambridge. Cambridge tp. Same Cy. This is a small village on the _ilts
		& is the county town.  There is no

51
Oct 28 cond.	Great appearance of improvement.  There is a Court House.  The village is small. The county is called Guernsey because a settlement of Guernsey people was made at this village.
	There is a bridge over the _ilts, which is scarcely a 10 feet wide, & the bridge is miserably bad. still I was oblidged to pay 37 ½ cts for crossing it.  This the grossest imposition of the kind I ever experienced.

        595 ms.	Freeland tp Guernsey Cy. (Speer).  I breakfasted at this place

               ms.	Union tp Muskingum Cy.

        605 ms.	Perry tp  Muskingum Cy. (Olives).  A servant was at this place who was [something crossed out] one of the British sailors on Lake Erie & taken by Perry. He has he had a desperate fight on the Lake.

         616 ms.	Lanesville. Lanesville tp (Muskingum Cy.) (Allen)  This is the county town & is situated on the Muskingum.  It is a town of considerable size & in which a great deal of business is done. very considerable manufactures carried on.  Coal is universally used.  There are 2 Banks in this place.  The village is pleasant but the badness of the roads leading to it, destroys the pleasure of living in any part of this country.  This town is named after an old man now dead (Lane) who was the original proprietor.  It is mostly settled with emigrants of from New Jersey & is one of the oldest, most opulent & largest towns in the State.  I had travelled some distance with an Indiana farmer, (who

52
Oct 28th. cond	resides near Harmony).  He was an intelligent farmer & have me considerable information about the country in which he resides, but I found one difficulty in travelling in company with him.  He was travelling on horseback, whilst I was in my Dearborn wagon, as it is called.  He consequently preceded me always & would stop at places where I never intended to stop, & as I passed would hail me & tell me he had ordered breakfast or supper.  I therefore intended to cut him, which I did next morning

Oct 29.	Left Lanesville & crossed the Muskingum on a fine bridge  The Muskingum is not navigable above Lanesville on account of rapids.  This was an excessively cold morning for the season.  The nights are cold & evenings & mornings very frosty.  The middle of the day is fine sunshining weather.  The ground this morning was covered with white frost notwithstanding I found a family who had sleptout all night along the road.  They were just getting up as I passed.  There were several small children.  Their bed clothes were covered with frost.  It is not singular that agues & fever should be common when the emigrant suffers such hardships on their journey out.
         620 ms.	Met Ebenezer Baldwin of Albany & several other New Yorkers on their return from Illinois & Missouri.  Baldwin was the first acquaintance I have met since I left Albany & although it was bitterly cold I stopped ¼ of an hour to converse with him.  I felt as if I had met with my dearest friend or relative & had once more got home.  
	The land in this country is what is called “rolling land”

         625 ms.	Newton tp Muskingum Cy. (Porter)  Here I 

53
Oct 29. cond	breakfasted.  It had more appearance of improvement & activation than any place I had stopped at in Ohio.  All the luxuries commonly found at farmers in the East could be had at this place.  farmers were still ploughing & most of the crops were still in the field.

         635 ms.	Somerset. Somerset tp (Perry Cy.) This is the County town & is a small dirty village

         639 ms.	Reading tp Perry Cy. (Dittoe).  The landlord is a Dutchman & I sat an hour talking with him.

         644 ms.	Rush Creek tp Fairfield Cy.  This is a small village called Rushville. situated on Rush creek  crossed Rush creek. the bridge had gone away & the hill on the other side was almost impassable.  Waded through the creek more than belly deep to the home, took a circuit of 2 miles to ascend Rush creek hill

          649 ms.	Pleasant tp Fairfield Cy (Blair).  There were some settlers on the Wabash at this tavern where I slept & some other Indianians, who gave an account of the road & country not very enticing.  A jolly teamster slept on the floor who described Portsmouth (Ohio) He said it was the vilest meanest hole he had ever been in.  No money.  No tavern.  nothing to eat or to drink.

Oct. 30. 653.	Lancaster  Hocking tp Fairfield Cy. (__oyes). A village on the Hockhocking River.  County town.  Village is quite respectable in size.  The inhabitants are

54
Oct 30th.cond	mostly Germans & the town resembles a German town very much in its appearance.  The taverns are truly German in their appearance & in their signs, on which you find every thing to be had in the house.  I met Johnson a stage driver, formerly driver for Powell.
	Crossed bridge over prairie & over Hockhocking River  The River can almost be jumped & the other is nothing more than a Marsh.  The bridge of this kind ought to be built by the county, but they are all toll bridges

        656 m.	This is a fine warm day.  Farmers are treshing grain in the fields

        662 m.	Amanda tp Fairfield Cy. (Leather).

        664 m.	Met with a schoolmaster from Hudson (NY).  He kept school in the woods.  ______ told me where he came from.  Here is a German church, which is the first I have seen in Ohio.

        668 m.	Another church.

671.	Circleville Washington tp Pickaway Cy. (Paine Saw Guy W. Doan, an old friend who is doing extremely well at this place as a Lawyer.  I was rejoiced to see a friend once more.  Saw Caleb Atwater of noted memory in the question of the Bank of America at Albany.  This is the county town & has a fine brick court House in the centre of the town.
This town is situated of some ancient fortifications of which there is a particular description in the American Monthly Magazine.  There are visible the remains of two ancient fortications, one circular, & one square, the square lies tangent to the square circle.  There was built one gate to the circular fort, which opens into the square, being at the point where they renter.  There a ditch & mound thrown up out-

55
Oct 30th & 31st 
cond.	-side of the square [crossed out] circular fort.  The square fort has all sides perfectly alike, had eight gates, one at each corner, & one at the middle of each side.  These gates, except the one opening into the circular fort were protected by a mound of earth throw up inside of the fort in front of each gate.  The one opening into the circular fort had no such mound  There was no ditch or mound round the square fort.  At a short distance from these remains, is a high mound of earth thrown up.  From the top of which you can overlook both forts.  This it is is supposed was thrown up by the besieging army.  It is filled with human bones.  In digging you meet with large quantities of human bones continually.  It is supposed that these two forts were erected by the original proprietors of this country, the circular fort being the place of safety for the women & children, the square the place for the warriors.  The square is a large field perfectly level.  In the centre of the circle was a large mound formerly, which being dug away, there was found in the centre, the remains of an Indian Chief, with ornaments & some ancient coins.  The earth which is thrown up is of different materials from the earth on the level ground.  The latter cannot be formed into brick.  While the former is brick almost half made, requiring but little trouble to

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Oct 31st cond.	form bricks complete.  It is not probable that the walls of these fortifications were originally sunburnt bricks.  There is a mound (said to be a burying mound) within 1 ½ mile from town, & there is said to be several others.  The town is laid out in the circular fort.  The Court House is in the centre, on the spot where the mound was formerly situated.  The streets run as radii from the centre to the outside of the works which forms the circumference.  The raised earth or circumference, which was on the outside of the works is intended as a public (raised) walk.  The spaces between the circumference of the circle & the lines drawn so as to make a square round it are intended for the erection of public buildings such as schools, poorhouse &c.  The soil is very rich, being situated on the rich plains, on the Scioto, which is about ½ mile from town.  Boats navigate from here to the Ohio.
	Passed over the Pickaway Plains, the corn was very high & still ungathered.  The soil is very rich.

        674 ms.	Jefferson, Pickaway tp & Cy.  This is a small village on the Pickaway Plains, & is all mud & has no appearance of improvement.
	There was a thundershower, which rendered the roads very muddy & almost impassable.
   
        681m.	Greene tp Ross Cy. (Goodman).  The rain continued & descending a hill my horse fell down & horse & wagon slid elegantly down the hill to the bottom.  I got out & got excessively muddy.  Coming into &

57
Oct 31 cond	Chilicothe, horse & self muddy from head to toe.  I made an awkward appearance

        690 m. 	Chilicothe. Ross Cy. (Watson).  This is the county town & is situated on the Scioto which I crossed on a bridge.  It is navigable to Ohio.  This is the second town in the State.  It has not the appearance of improvement.  It is said the title is in dispute which retards its growth.  I staid here only one evening & consequently saw but little of the town.  Saw Grier & Hopkins two old acquaintances

Nov 1st
        699 m.	Twin tp. Ross Cy. (Plyly

        711 m.	Greenfield  Madison tp. Highland Cy. (Ferguson).  This is a small village on a hill & has but very few advantages.

        718 ½ m.	Rattle Snake Creek. a small run
	Morgantown. Monroe tp Highland Cy.  a house or two

        722 m.	Lees Creek.  Leesburgh or Monroe situated on it  Leesburgh tp. Highland Cy. a small creek & a village of a dozen houses

723 	Leesburgh tp Highland Cy. (Widow Clifton).  This house kept by a Young   handsome widow, who had pretty sisters.  Slept here.

Nov 2nd.	G__ene tp Clinton Cy (Harris). 730 m.  The road from Chilicothe to Cincinnati is excessively bad, very swampy, & almost impassable & there is little till you get to Lebanon which attracts notice.  The ground however is rich, & might be cultivated

        739.	Paris. Clarke tp Clinton Cy. (Jones) another dry village with 8 or 10 houses

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Nov 2 cond. 747 m. Clarksville Vernon tp. Clinton Cy. same as Paris.

        750 m.	Washington tp Warren Cy. (Van Doren) an old Jerry Dutchman as landlord

        753 m.	Remains of a very large antient fortification.  I had not time to examine it particularly.  It is situated on the Little Miamie.

754.	Crossed the Little Miami.

760 ½.	Lebanon. Lebanon tp Warren Cy. (Reeder).  This is a small growing village.  Roads are improving.  Country is much better improved & is rich.  I crossed several townships whose names I did not learnt  Lebanon is County town & has a small brick C. House.

780 ½ m	Reading. Sycamore tp. Hamilton Cy. (Vo__hes  a village of 20 or 25 houses.

Nov 3.  790.	Arrived at Cincinnati about 10 or 11 o’clock very much rejoiced at reaching a stoping place & much disappointed at seeing a place of this size in the Western woods.  I made my home for the first
Cincin. Hotel	8 or 10 days at the Cincinnati Hotel (Edmonston) this house was originally built by Ms. Smith, who was known as being concerned with Beerr & Bl__nerhasset.  The house is now owned by J. H. Piatton noted banker, who has issued an immense number of bills. & who is The House is a fine large house & was badly calculated for a public house, untill an addition was lately built containing a vast number of bedrooms, & apartments & a large ball room.  This House is handsomely situated on

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Cincinnati	the bank of the Ohio, about 75 or 80 feet above low water mark.  But the Ohio has been known to rise to the pavement in front of the house.  The house is said to be situated on the site where the first house in Cincinnati was originally built.  Others say it is in the neighbourhood.  At all events it is certain that this part of the town was first 
Covington & 	settled.  Opposite the town of Cincinnati is the Kentucky shore on which 
Newport	are two villages, viz Coveington & Newport separated by the mouth of Licking Creek.  These are directly in view of the Hotel.  The Ohio Shore is defended in front of the Hotel by a large elegant stone wall built at the expense of the town, to the height of      feet above low water
Wharf	mark.  This wall when completed cost $.  It has a gradual ascent on the sides to accommodate the different stages of the water.  The banks of the Ohio are high at Cincinnati.  This is both an advantage & disadvantage.  But owing to the sudden rise of the Ohio, high banks are absolutely necessary.  I had not seen the Ohio since I left Steubenville till I arrived.  She is an elegant stream.  wide , but not much depth of water.  There is a horse ferry boat
Ferry	plying from this to Covington.  Although it is badly conducted, it is still a very essential advantage & convenience to the inhabitants.  The avarice of

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Cincinnati	Gen Taylor who owns the ferry from Cincinnati to Newport. deprives the public of the advantage of crossing directly to Newport & therefore all who wish to go to Newport by the horse boat, must first cross to Covington & then cross over Licking to Newport.

#
Gov Brown	I had a letter of introduction to Ethan A. Brown Governer of the State, which I presented to him.  He is a lawyer by profession, & has been a Judge for some years.  His reputation however as a lawyer howeve by no means stands very high.  He is considered rather an ordinary lawyer.  I found him however, a gentleman of very considerable talents, & well versed in the interests & affairs of the West, & appears to have devoted considerable attention to the prospects & advantages of the country.  He treated me with much politeness & gave me all the information in his power on the subjects I enquired about.  He appears evidently to be desirous of popularity.  He is sociable familiar & affable in his manners.  He was just elected Governor & had not appeared before the Legislature, but the Legislature was about meeting when I was at Cincinnati & he went to meet them.  He gave a party at his house the evening before he went to which I received an invitation & met the literati of Cincinnati, including the most distinguished lawyers.  Gov. Brown is rather reserved in his manners but not by any means haughty.  & when that reserve disappears

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Cincinnati	which it is does on acquaintance he appears very affable in his manners & 
cond.	agreable.  His communications to the Legislature did him credit, but he is not by any means an orator & I am told he hesitates in speaking very much.

Ohio #	There is no other wharf of any consequence on the Ohio at Cincinnati; except the one above spoken of this wharf it is said is built with the small corporations which have opened, under $1- which have been taken by the different banks & principally by Piatt & which are substantially good, but are not redeemed by the corporations on demand

Banks	Cincinnati has 3 banks.  The Miami Exporting Compy  The Bank of Cincinnati, & The Farmer & Mechanics Bank.  These are chartered.  Besides which there is John H. Piatt & Com private bank & a branch of the United States Bank.  When the latter was first established, there was a balance of $300.000 or 400.000 Due the United States from the Miami Exporting Company for deposits made it.  These were ordered to be transferred to the U.S. Branch.  This sum together with the immense discounts made by the Branch, & drafts on the eastern cities sold by it; a great proportion of which, when paid was paid in Cincinnati Bank paper caused

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Cincinnati	an immense amount of the paper of the Cincinnati Bank to be accumulated 
cond.	in the Branch Bank to the amount of 700.000 or 800.000 Dollars.  It 
Banks	having become necessary for the U.S. Bank to call in the funds generally (the causes of circumstances of which are publicly known).  They made a call on all the Western Banks & among others on the Cincinnati Banks.  The first call was to have it paid in installments at a short date.  The Banks being unable to comply of course grumbled & sent a harsh remonstrance, called a memorial, the answer to which was an order for immediate remonstrance payment.  This led to a decision on the part of the City Banks to stop specie payments, assigning as reasons the conduct of the U.S. Bank, which they said had violated a contract heretofore made with the Cincin. Branch, whereby the debt was to be paid in instalments at a much longer date than was demanded.  another reason assigned was that it consequence of an order from Secy. Of Treasy, the land office refused to take any thing in payment but Specie or U.S. Bank paper, every person would demand Specie on such paper for their City Bank bills in order to make their payments to the Land Office.  They further alledged that the immense amount of debts due from the West, & the great drain of Specie, left the latter incompetent to pay the former.  A further reason assigned was that the Specie Capital of

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Cincinnati	many of the country Banks had been drawn from the vaults of the 
Banks	Cincinnati Banks which had in a great degree exhausted their vaults.  
cond.	These formed the principal causes given for the suspension of specie payments.  The M.E. Cy. likewise alledged that large deposits had been made in that Bank by the U.S. of bills of different Banks in this & elsewhere, many of which were insolvent or at least in bad credit, & that when the public deposits were transferred to the U.S. Branch Bank & the M.E. Co. were ordered to transfer this balance to that bank it was expressly understood that they were not to be called upon till absolute necessity compelled such call & that such necessity had not arrived & that in fact many of the ______ bills so received in deposit from the U.S. were still in their vaults & that the banks who issued them were unable or had refused to receive them.  Piatt’s Bank was oblidged necessarily & did stop Specie payments at the same time.  An arrangement was however made with the land office to accommodate such persons as were making their last payments on public lands & were therefore oblidged to pay or forfeit by which the respective banks agreed to pay specie to persons holding their bills in such cases sufficient to make such payments.

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Cincinnati	The Miami E. Cy. was considered by every one solvent so were the others 
Banks	by most people-but the F. & M. Bank was by some considered at least 
cond.	doubtful on account of for their immense pieces of paper.  Exchange rose immediately but Cincinnati Bills were still received for everything in the City.  A meeting was called of the citizens to consider the subject which approved of the conduct of the Banks, reprobated that of U.S. Bank, determined to aid & support the circulation of the City Bills & voted their beleif of their solvency.  They also extended the same vote to Piatt bills & publicly applauded his public spirit.
	This meeting was first called at the Hotel but that being found too small was at the suggestion of the Revd. Mr. Wilson who attended the meeting adjourned to the Presbyterian Church.  The meeting was numerously attended, a report was made by a committee previously associsted which was adopted.  In the report some remarks were made criminating the U.S. Bank as intending by their measures to oppress the Western Banks & indeed W. Country at large.  The conduct of the U.S. Bank was vindicated in a plain luminous, & well delivered exposure of their conduct by Mr. Jacob Burnet Pres. Of the Branch Bank, & the report was supported by Arthur Ablain, Isaac Burnet & Nicholas Longworth, Eqs. Mr. Cocke Sorter of the Cincinnati Inquisitor, & by some others.  The Revd. Joshua Wilson who also made some remarks, recommendey

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Cincinnati	temperate measures but supporting the report.  Gralay Eq. opposed the 
Banks	report because it did not contain a statement of the solvency of the City 
cond.	Banks which it undoubtedly ought to have stated.  Mr. Wade who ____ the report also supported it.  Mr. Burnet who is called the orater of the West, I thought admirably calculated to produce effect, plain ______ & forcible, his delivery rather slow, his articulation very distinct, his argument not filled with metaphor & high sounding words.

Newspapers	There are 3 newspapers.  Liberty Hall & Cincinnati Gazette edited by Isaac Burnet Esq.  The Western Sky edited by Samuel Todd Esq. & The Inquisitor Cybooke Power & Puny.  Their typographical execution is very superior & the appearance of the papers do credit to the town.  They are well edited & often filled with original communications.  There are several printing offices in Cincinnati besides these that print the different papers.

Reading	There is a Reading room kept by Mess. Langdon & Burke, in which is 
Room	found most of the papers of consequence printed in the Union.  It has been commenced lately, & it promises to be very useful & important to the citizen as well as to the traveler

Libraries	There is a City Library (____ Drake) & also 2 circulating libraries.  The first is a very good selection of books for the number that it contains

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Cincinnati	The inhabitants of Cincinnati some years were a large proportion of them, 
cond.	from New Jersey, but the emigration from New England has been so great 
N. Englanders 	within a few years, particularly to this place, that they form almost if not quite a majority.  The Yankees, as they are called are viewed with a jealous eye by the Jerseymen & natives, they are considered as gradually encroching upon the rights of the others.  The distinction is very distinctly ____ & the N. Englanders do not act as if they wished to drop the distinction.  Among other measures which in their view was to be 
Thanksgiving	regretted, although it was pleasant to those who participated, as recalling 
Supper	the feelings of Home & friends was the celebration of Connecticut Thanksgiving.  On the evening of the Thanksgiving day in Conn. The Yankees in Cincinnati assembled & had a splendid supper at Edmonton’s Hotel.  An address was delivered by Bellamy Stover Esq. (which see).  The evening passes off with much glee & convivialty.  Being invited & having many friends who attended, I joined & was much delighted.  A singular circumstance was remarked that out of nearly 80 persons present more than half had not resided in Cincinnati twelve months, a sufficient proof that the emigration is immense & the population rapidly increasing.

Morals.	The morals of the people of Cincinnati were formerly very loose.  Gambling was openly carried onto an excessive

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Cincinnati	extent, so much so, as almost to ruin several individuals.  Intemperance 
Morals	was not uncommon & D___ipation was almost unrestrained.  Until the 
cond.	emigration into & improvement of Cincinnati their morals have much altered & it is now one of the most orderly, & correct cities as to its morals.  Gambling is rarely to be heard of & it is hardly over practised.  Even card playing is out of date, except in a few families which still play occassionally.  Some who have lived here for some time & whose early habits it is difficult, indeed impossible to alter, still play whist often, but they never gamble.  There are but 2 billiard tables, & those are discountenanced & kept very private, & visited by none but the lowest inhabs. except occassionally by an ole visitor.  There are no theatrical amusements.  Churches are regularly & well attended.  Very few instances of drunkenness are to be found.  Fighting which is the common vice of the Western country, is very rare.  But two instances occurred while I was in Cincinnati; one between DeWandelaer & Vannen n & the other between Glen & Corneille.  Neither of which were serious in their result.  Duelling is wholly discountenanced & an instance of it has not occurred for years.  Vice & Immorality in general is discountenanced.
Industry	I never saw so much Industry & attention to business as isto be found in Cincinnati.  Every one is actively engaged

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Cincinnati	& busily employed.  I saw carpenters working at a house & building at 
Industry	night by candlelight.  All are employed about their own affairs & trouble
cond.	themselves but little with others.

Dr. Barnes	I met Dr. Barnes who formerly was in partnership with Calvin Cheeseman 
& Yates’ family in Princeton, Sky. Cy.  He is doing a good business & appears to be prospering.  He told me that he had met on the Allegany River a man who told him he was a brother of Judge Yates of Schs. that he had lived for years among the Indians & had been a great deal with the Spaniards.  that he some years ago was at Schy. & brought with him a Young man whom he introduced to a Spanish officer who treated them both with the greatest politeness but the Young man having engaged in an amour with the Spaniard’s wife was killed.  This story I believe is fudge.

Churches.	There is two Presbyterian churches in Cincinnati, of one of which the Revd. Joshua Wilson is pastor.  The congregation & church are both large & Most of the first families joined that.  This church cost $30.000 to 40.000 & is a large brick building with 2 steeples & displays the greatest want of taste that perhaps ever was exhibited in such a building.  The inside is as devoid of taste & convenience as the outside

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Cincinnati	The pulpit is placed in a recess, by which the voice of the speaker is 
Churches	almost lost.  Mr Wilson is a plain preacher, a man of good common sense, 
cond.	plain delivery, sound judgment, but inclined to be diffuse & tiresome.  I had a letter of Intro. To him & was treated by him with much politeness.  The largest denomination of Christians in this place & those who settled first, as is the case in most of the Western Country were the Methodists.  Judge Burke, a preacher of that denomination came into this country more than 20 years ago with his Bible under one arm & his rifle under the other.  He has built a church at his own expense & preaches gratuitously, all he receives is about the amount of the interest of the cost of the church which is raised by subscriptions.  Judge Burke holds more liberal doctrines than is generally held by the Methodists, & is a man of considerable erudition & of a very strong & powerful mind.  He disapproves of the noise & rant of the Methodists.  He is consequently disliked by them & has been read out of their Society.  He is something of an Independent.  He allowed Mr. Johnston the Episcopal Clergyman to preach in his church one day half of that the day.  Mr Burke’s sermons although not ornamented with the grace of elegant unity, display a man of genius, & talent, natural but not much improved.  Mr B. is a Judge of Ca____ Ple__

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Cincinnati	There is another Methodist Church which is very numerous & to which 
Churches	most of the antient inhabitants belong.  There is also a Baptist 
cond.	Congregation which raised some subscriptions towards building a Church, but Gen Ga__ who was their head man gave the lot & advanced a very large propertion of the money.  The church was built & a minister settled but after a short time a difficulty occurred before between the minister & party of the congregation of which Gen Ga__ was one, the majority however retrained the clergyman, & Gen Ga__ sold the church & lot to the Episcopal church which has been lately established, reserving however to the Baptists the right of repurchase at the end of a few years.
	The Episcopal congregation is thriving rapidly in number & have raised a considerable fund to build a new church which they intend to erect, meanwhile they occupy the Baptist Church.  My friend Revd. S. Johnston is minister of this Church.
	The 2nd Presbyterian Church consists principally of a few _____ who separated & formed a small congregation & built a small church for themselves.  They dare not go to heaven at the same time the poor man does.  They have no regular minister but employ the Revd. Mr Robinson a man of very considerable acquirements.  Mr R. is not a Presbyterian but is a Camer____ & He is an Irishman by Birth.
	The Swedenburgians have also a small society here

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Cincinnati	A Lancastrian Seminary is established in this place of which the Revd
cond.	Elijah Slack is Prest. & Mr         a teacher.  The younger scholars are 
Lancaster	taught English in the Lancastrian plan but it is not confined to this.
Seminary	The scholars are taught every branch of science.  This has lately been incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio as a College, called the Cincinnati College.  Of which Mr. Slack has been elected Prest.  It is a fine brick building & when finished will appear well.  It is undoubtedly the only public building in Cincinnati that appears ever ordinanty well.

Mr. Slack	Mr. Slack was formerly Prof. In Princeton during the difficulties there & was oblidged to leave it.  

Medical 	He delivered a course of lectures of Chymestry last winter & was 
Lectures	delivering another this winter at Cincin. in conjunction with Drs Drake & Rodgers who were delivering a course of Medical Lectures.  I heard the introductory Lectures of Drake & Slack with both of which I was well pleased.  Dr D. gave a history of the healing art &c.  He is a g____ species of the Mitchellian genre & is excessively vain of his learning & acquirements.  His forte is research & knowledge acquired from books & collected from actual information & observation.  His genius is rather of the mediocre class.  The number of students were small & consisted chiefly of Drs Drake & Rodgers medical students.  Mr Slack’s Lectures on Chymistry were well attended by citizens

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Cincinnati cond.  The Legislature of Ohio have established a Medical College in
Crying Gh___	Cincinnati; On Sunday (Dec 13) I heard a crier in the street giving notice that Mr Ludlow would preach in the Court house.

Dr Barnes	Dr Barnes asked me whether I would not write to my brother Dr JR Beck to get him a degree in Fairfield Medical College, & stated his own abilities & acquirements.

Mr Bond	I met Mr Bond of Baltimore at Cin. Whom I also met in the mountains.  He has been he told me 13 times across the Atlantic & 8 or 10 times over the Allegany.  He now lives at Louisville

Balls.	I went to a small dancing party at Bryson’s.  I saw but little elegance & not much beauty.  But to judge of the females of Cincinnati from this experience would be unfair as it was a mere School ball & I came late.  I afterwards went to a splendid ball at Edmonston where I met several fine girls, & particularly young married women.  I found however that all most of the ladies who appeared peculiarly interesting, were married  There were a few exceptions however a few exceptions to this, there were a few interesting unmarried girls, & some fortunes  I was much pleased with time I opent at the ball   I was also at a party at John S. Thomas’ where I met most of the belles of the places.  I went home with a Miss Anderson with whom I was pleased & walked nearly a mile without observing the distance  She was intelligent & pleasant

Mr Warner	I met Thos. Warner on his way from N. Orleans to N York

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Cincin. cond.	I had not seen him for years & rejoiced to see the face of an old classmate.  But Warner is exalted in his own opinion & thinks himself passing great
	
I met at different times at Cincinnati my old friends Sidney Breese of Utica, Ben Tibbits of Schy. Saml. Williams of N.Y. S. Harris of Phil. & several others

Ohio	The River was low during most of the time which I staid at Cincinnati, & the weather very pleasant, with but little rain, in beginning of Decr. the water rose buy 20 feet in all Dec 12.  It was cold & continued so during the remainder of my stay. 18th It was very cold & ice in the river.  It was said that the river was filled with floating ice almost the whole distance to Pittsburgh & that many boats were in danger.  One boat about 8 or 10 ms. from Cin. Got between some cakes of ice which crushed some of her sides, & would have produced serious consequences if she had not been t____ releived through aid from the town.  The cold & ice continues in the river till Jany.  It was almost impossible to cross the Ohio at C.  In took in several instances a half day.  The water had continued low so late in the season & the ice setting in immediately after proved peculiarly unfortunate to the merchants  Many of whom were still without their goods purchased 
Pratt’s care	in the eastern cities in June July & August.  A young man by the name of Pratt who was coming down the river, but was delayed by the low stage of water

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Cincinnati	thought proper to leave his boat at Mays __ble & go to Lexington.  The length of time which had elapsed in his going coming to Cin. Exerted suspicion.  It was thought he was murdered, some thought he had run away  An advertisement was placed but one day or two he made his appearance.

B Fowler.	I saw Ben. Fowler at Newport, a Hermaphrodite

Newport.	At Newport is an United States arsenal which I visited, the magazine hardly deserves the name.

Major	Major Martin is military store keeper, to whom I was introduced.
Martin	He is said to have been the greatest beau & the most active man in the country in his youth & he relates many tales of the feats of his youthful days.  He is now old & was lying on his sickbed which has since proved his death bed

Capt Welch	I visited at Newport the grave of Capt Welch, the brother of Capt David Welch.  Gen G___ lives at Covington, he is said to have cut the first tree in Cincinnati.

DeWandalaer.	I was accompanied to Newport by DeWandalaer a son of old Hanse DeWandilaer in the Mohawk turnpike

Revd. R. Rogers I heard Reverend Rodgers preach.  He is son of Dr Rodgers of N. York & is on a mission with Revd. Mr Lowe to Illinois & Indiana

Revd Mr Johnston  Revd Mr. Johnston a Presbyterian clergyman is _______ & preaching at Cincinnati.  He is considered a great orator, but I thought him more wind than any thing else

Mr Barley	I boarded at Mr Barley for 5 or 6 weeks.  A very

73 (75)
Cincinnati	fine English widow, who has several very fine daughters  some of
cond	whom are married in the most respectable families in Cincinnati.  I was treated with such attention by the family & shall always esteem them

J. Burnet	I was invited to a party at Jacob Burnets where I met the old _______ of the place their principal object is money to which their whole attention is directed Mr B. is stiff & reserved in his manner in his own house particularly to strangers, indeed almost uncivil.  His neglect however is remedied by Mrs B’s politeness, who is a very fine woman.

Servants	It is a subject of universal complaint that no servants can be got in Cin.  This destroys half the pleasures & comforts of life & renders your wife if you have one a perfect slave.  Yet the wages of servants are extravagant.

Grist & 	I went to see a Grist Mill & a Saw Mill & also a Trip hammer which were 
Sawmills.	in operation on the principle of an inclined plane & were worked by horse & oxen.  I inquired particularly as to the profits of the owner of the Grist Mill.  He informed me that they were very good, indeed much better than any other mill in Cincinnati. (for a statement of manufactures _____ news paper).

Judiciary.	The Judiciary System in the State of Ohio is very bad & is the subject of universal complaint.  It is however needless for me to enter into a detailed account of it. (for that ____ Laws of Ohio).  In the circuit of which Cincinnati was a part.  Judge Collet was president

74 (76)
Cincinnati	Judge C. is a lawyer, & a very honest man of good common sense &
cond	ordinary talents.  By a late law the circuits have been altered & Cincinnati
Judiciary	forms a circuit or district of itself or rather the Cy. of Hamilton in which Cincin. is situated  Col. Torrance is Presiding Judge (____ Hammand’s circular).

Improvt.	The growth & improvement of this place has been very rapid, nearly 300 houses have been built in the last year & 200 or 300 houses it is said will be built the ensuing season.  Many of them fine 3 story brick buildings.  Many of them are owned by John H. Piatt who has done more than any other individual for the improvement of this place.  The rents are high compared to places of its size to the East & the percentage received by owners of houses on the present value is enormous.  In one instance a small double house which would not cost more than $250 was placed on a lot in the suburbs of the town at about 70 by 100 feet. & was to rent for $120 per annum.  As long as Renting houses is so profitable, the town will rapidly improve. (For this subject ____ Drake & several statements published)

Robertson	There was a Jersey party given at the Revd Mr Robertsons. where all were 
Revd. Mr.	Expected to make a present of some kind, & in return Mr R. gave a party in acknowledgement.  The presents were numerous & consequently the ____ at the party.  They were complimented with a Sermon  I was invited to attend, but not feeling very charitable, I declined the invitation.

		I kept no Journal or Diary from Jany 1: 1815 untill Sept. 15. 1818, at which period I left Schenectady on a journey to the Western country.  I kept a Diary from the time I started

		From Sept. 15. 1818, the time I left Schy. To Nov 3. & some days after, when I was in Cincinnati the Diary will be found in Book entitled “Journal No A”.  From which I have here continued.

Cincinnati
Novr & Decr	On the hill or high land above Cincinnati; there is an elegant prospect. 
1818		The Ohio is visible for miles, & with many curves.  On the other side
Prospect	of the River, is the village of Newport & Covington, together with several
from the hills	suits which have a fine appearance.  From this ground you have a view of the whole town of Cincinnati; not all from one place, but by walking a short distance you have a view of every part.  I often visited this delightful spot.  On the edge of the hill is a monument of folly, a conduit or machine to suffer the air to pass through, which is closed at the bottom of the hill.  This covered way, or whatever it may be called, extends to the top of the hill & is walled up.  It was intended to conduct mills by means of air rarified through the machine but was abandoned after several thousands were expended.  On the water side, there are fine water works, which are 
Water	to supply the whole town; The water are is to be elevated by steam to the
Works	top of the hill.  
Kilgorin	On side of the hill is Mr Kilgarer’s house, built in the Scotch house.  This
House	house is elegantly situated, has a delight

1175	
Cincinnati 	ful view of the river, & Mr K. is improving the grounds very much.
cond.

Einbree & Co.	A Land agency is kept in this place by Jesse Einbree & Co which is 
			Particularly servicable to emigrants & strangers

Court House	At what I suppose is calculated to be the future centre of C. is the Court 
			House of the Cy. of Hamilton, a building which cost $       .  It is a plain 
			brick building     by      feet, in which is placed an immensely high steeple. 
			I rarely saw a building so disproportioned, certainly never one that cost so 
			much.

Steamboats	Several Steamboats have been built at this place & 4 are now building 
			(ride Statements published)

Mound		In the vicinity of the town towards the lower part is a mound, which is of 
			considerable size, from which there is a fine view.

Gen Hull	I had repeated conversations about Gen Hull & his expeditions.  Universal 
			indignation exists against him in this place & even at this day, many 
			would be inclined to shoot him if he came here.  I have become acquainted 
			with several persons in this town, some of them very intimately 
			particularly Bellamy Stover, Nathl. Wright, W. S. Johnston, E.C. Smith,
Joseph Cowdin, also with Messrs Guildford Worthington Este, Richardson, Blake, Revd. G. Wilson & several others.  Also very particularly with S. Williams of N.Y. & James H. Duke of Washington (K__).  I also met my old friends Revd. S. Johnston, S. Todd, Dr. O.B. Baldwin & many others.

119.
1818
Dec 24th.	Left Cincinnati, & parted with many good friends, to whom I had become much attached & whom I will always recollect, indeed Cincinnati had always become home to me.  I was so fixed with baggage, cloaks, fur caps, &c. that I looked almost like a Savage.

791 mls.	Crossed Mill Creek, which empties into the Ohio.

Miami tp.	805 mls. Miami tp (Goodrich). Hamilton Cy.

Gen Harrison	805 ½.	North Bend.  Gen Harrison’s Seat formerly occupied by Judge Symmes, who was originally the proprietor of Cincinnati, & of the whole country.  The original town was laid out ½ m. from North Bend on the Big Miami & called Cleves & no doubt intended to be the great town.  North Bend is a place where the Ohio takes a great _______ & from Harrison’s Seat you have a fine view of the River for miles.  Harrison is rather unpopular.

Boundary	811 m. Crossed Big Miami River at its mouth where it empties into the Ohio.  This river forms the boundary between Indiana & Ohio.  There are many quicksands & bars at the mouth which continually change.  It was after dark, when we reached & we were oblidged to ford more than half of it.

Lawrenceburgh 813 m. is a small village on the Ohio laid out in 1805 by Capt Saml Vanee of Cincinnati, who is now a very large proprietor & was named after his father in law Mr Lawrence.  The surrounding country is fine & interesting.  It is situated on the Ohio bottom & is occasionally overflowed.  It has however been filled up above high water mark.  The village was stationary till about 2 years ago, when it began to improve & is now improving rapidly.  About 30 new houses mostly brick, have been built in a year & more will be

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Dec 24 cond.	put up the ensuing year.  The Society is now bad, but is improving.  It is the county town of Dearborn Cy.  I saw Brower & Duns two young lawyers both from New York.  also Young Little Johnson from Schy who is doing well as a Mechanic

Decr 25th.	814 mls. Crossed Tanner’s Creek, this is a very disagreable place to cross.  This is the first place I had to ford.  I broke through the ice, & being very cold & getting wet, I was very disagreably incommoded. 

Wilmington	820mls. Wilmington, Hogan tp Dearborn Cy.  This is a small village

Hogan Creek	821 mls. This creek empties into the Ohio 2 m below.  I crossed this creek, this is an Indian name

Hartford &	825 mls. Crossed Lochary Creek on which Hartford is situated
Lochary Creek (Livingston).  This village is 4 mls from the Ohio, it is small & situated on a hill.  Jno. Walker who is still living originally laid out the village.  At the Mouth of this creek, a party of troops commanded by Lockary encamped; they were attacked by the Indians & totally destroyed.  The creek & town were named in honor of Lochary.

Randolph	833m. Randolph tp Dearborn Cy (Mi_es). Sign, Masonic Square & Compass
		
		833 ½ m. Line between Dearborn & Switzerland Counties.

Allenville	837 m.	Allenville or Widowsburgh, Cotton tp Switzerland Cy. village with 2 or 3 houses.  The tp is named after Judge Cotton.

Jacksonville	842 m. Cotton tp. Jacksonville contains 8 or 10 houses.

Vevay	847 m. Vevay. Jefferson tp. Switzerland Cy. The country

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Dec 25 cond	in this vicinity is very interesting & fine & well cultivated before
Vevay	before we get to Vevay.  This is mostly settled by Swiss.  ___ approaching Vevay, we come over a very bad hill, which indeed is almost dangerous to corss.  Vevay is the county town.  The Court House is  a plain two story brick building & small.  The Indiana Register & Vevay & Ghent Advertiser is published here.  Vevay is small village, buildings old in their appearance  it was settled about 3 or 4 years.  It is growing.  An addition was laid out to the town of all the land between Vevay & Switzerland, Danl Dufour & Jno Sheets proprietors.

Ghent	opposite Vevay on the Kentucky shore of the Ohio is Ghent a small village, which is discernible from Vevay.

Dec 26	Switzerland.  Swiss Settlement. Jefferson tp. This was originally
Switzerland	settled by about 30 Swiss under Dufour & ____ in 1805 for the
848 ½ mls.	purpose of cultivating the vine.  None but the Swiss do cultivate it in this vicinity.  Congress made some laws in their favor.  The situation is fine & their farms look well  They all front on the river & then run back.  They are however not increasing in population.  4000 acs were originally taken & divided into 20 farms of 200 acs. each  The Houses are good & farms well cultivated.  6000 Galls of wine were raised this Year.  The Settlement extends to Indian Creek.  Conversed with one of the first settlers a very intelligent Swiss & drank with him some of the wine.  White 1 Yr old & Red 2 yr old.  Not very good

Indian Creek	850 mls. Crossed in ferry flat, met Swiss who did not understand English & wanted to buy his pipe, but although we offered a great price he refused to sell it

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Dec 26 cond.	We travelled through a bridle path & wretched road in a rainy day, & soaked almost to the skin & in addition to all our difficulties had to cross Indian 
860mls.	Kentucky Creek at its mouth where it empties into the Ohio.  The banks were very steep indeed almost perpendicular & it was with much difficulty we got our horses in & out of the fla_t & after we got in we like to have sunk, as the boat rapidly filled with water  The creek is narrow

867 mls.	Madison Jefferson Cy. This village is pleasantly situated on the Ohio & has attained considerable size & is growing rapidly.  It was laid out in 1811 by J Paul Davis & another.  It has about 1100 inhabs.  There is also a bank at this place.  In approaching Madison you come along the Ohio & your right is protected by the knols (a range of considerable hills).

Dec 27th
876 mls.	Came to Judge Dunn, a Presbyterian who keeps a house of private entertainment, but being Sunday he would not give us breakfast.  Revd. Ravaud Rodgers from NY. who is a ____ was preaching here.

877 mls.	Thomson’s another house of entertainment, equal sized as Dunn & Seeder, but who was prevailed to give us breakfast, as we told them we must go on. 
		This is in Republican Country

898 mls.	Charlestown. County town of Clarke Cy.  In coming from Madison
Charlestown	to Charlestown, you pass through a fine country, with considerable bottom land, some hills & upland – the soil generally good – some swamps,

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Dec 27	but the country is thinly settled & not a single tavern the whole distance
cond		
		Charlestown is situated about 3 mls from the Ohio River in the Illinois or Clarke Grant which was granted by the State of Virginia to the brother Gen Geo. Rogers Clarke’s Regiment (brother of Gov Wm. Clarke) for their services ___ing the revolutionary war in taking Kaskaskia & Vincennes.  This town was laid out by Campbell & Baker & settled in 1809.  Both proprietors have nearly sold out.  It contains about 800 inhabs.  All the improvements have been made in 3 years at which time there was only 2 brick houses  There are now 7 Stores, 3 good taverns, a Court House of very decent appearance, a 2 story brick building, (pillory & stocks adjoining).  Many brick houses & several building.  Also a good Market House.  Staid at Judge Shelby, a Judge of Com. Pleas, who accompanied us to Louisville.
		There is no scite for a town at the river immediately from Charlestown

Dec 28.	906 mls. is Utica, Clarke Cy. on the Ohio River, this is a small village 
Utica		containing 15 or 20 houses, but all poor.  This is an elegant scite for a town but is said to overflow

Jeffersonville	912 mls. On the Ohio River. This is a pleasant village.  The Canal is intended to go back of this town.  Jeffersonville is not improving much but will undoubtedly if the canal is completed, & it will be equally fatal to Louisville  An immense Steamboat of 700 tons is on the stock, but there is not much appearance of being finished soon.  The Ohio is very wide at this place, & in consequence of being filled with

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Dec 28	ice there was no crossing (the ferry being stopt) We were consequently 
cond.		oblidged to go below the falls to cross & traveled 3 or 4 mls. as indeed we had done all day through a bridle path

Clarksville	914 ½. a small village on Ohio River below the falls named after Gen Clarke.  It is vile place & is a receptacle for vagabonds & villains.  There are 10 or 12 _____ on the river banks. – ferry-flatt was cut away & we were oblidged to take a chance  flatt  The River is very wide & a bar of considerable extent on the Ohio side.  But we crossed the river without much difficulty although we have 7 seven horses in the flatt & the ferrymen were great rascals.  We had a fine view of the falls in crossing.  They are more shelving rocks that any thing else.  The whole fall does not exceed feeling
		Saw the James Ross Steamboat which had lately come from Pittsburgh & is conceded to be the most elegant boat on the Ohio or Mississippi River

Shippingport.	Crossed to Shippingport in Kentucky (915 ½ m), & for a considerable distance rode on the rocks of the falls (fording them).  At Shippingport is Tarascon’s Mills a very large & extensive mill on the falls.  This town is the suburbs of Louisville & is situated at the foot of the falls.  A Great part of the shipping business is done at this place & the merchants have stores here, although they do their business at Louisville  Shippingport is a vile rascally place & the inhabitants consist principally of vagabond boats

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Dec 28th.	men & whores.  It is very similar in character to Clarksville, but it is 
cond		larger.	

Louisville	917 miles  This is a town, in which much business is done  The town is 
Dec 28 &	well built & is rapidly increasing but my stay was so short, that my time
29th		was consumed in visits of ceremony.  Saw Parsens, John H Crane, Alfred Metcalfe, formerly my teacher at Schy. & now Judge of Jefferson Circuit, Ve___ & several others.  At the earnest solicitations of several gentlemen I nt into Gen Hardin’s room & joined in drinking campaigs  They had a high time.  While I was here there was a negro ball in the cellar of the house where I staid (Allens).

Dec 30.	Started on my journey again & having sent my horse over the Ohio to New Albany I took the stage to Portland where I was to cross, but had not proceeded ½ mile before it broke down & I had to proceed on foot for 2 or 3 miles, knees deep in mud.  Passed through
Portland.	Shippingport & came to Portland (920 mls.)  This is a small village on Kentucky side of Ohio R. it contains very few houses.  It has a few warehouses & stores  The principal business appeared to be packing pork  crossed the Ohio River in a shiff.  The River is ¾ m wide at this place.  The appearance of the ferryman put in considerable alarm.  He carried a face which would terrify almost any person.  I looked to my pistols.

New Albany	921 mls.  I came to New Albany in Indiana, on reaching the shore.  The landing is about ¼ to ½ mile from the village  At the landing are high banks & a very commanding

126
Dec 30. cond	situation.  There is no doubt that the village of New Albany ought to have situated at this place & would have been so if interest had not governed its present location.  Mr Epaphras Jones of N.A. told me he & others owned the lots here & would lay out a town shortly, & it no doubt will soon ____ New Albany.

New Albany	922 m This is now a small town, which however is rapidly improving.  A new county, called Floyd has been set off by the present legislature of Indiana of which this is the county town.  This town is all mud but considerable business is done in it.  A branch of the Vincennes bank has been authorised to be established here.  The Scribners are the proprietors of this town

		934 mls. Stopped & slept at Major Habersham’s.  Franklin tp  Harrison Cy.  A house of private entertainment.  Major H. has been for several years member of Legislative Council, while Indiana was a territory, & the Legislature sat at Vincennes.  He told us many stories of his exploits both in the cabinet & the field, particularly after the battle of Tippecanoe, at which time he was a legislator.

		We passed this day another Indian Creek & several other fine streams of water.  The Country is rich & very fertile & there are some very excellent farms.  The lands are situated high & are not much improved.  They sell from 20 @ 25 Dollars the acre.  A considerable part of the road is a ridge of hills, called

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Dec 30	the Knols, which are high, & resemble in some respects the Allegany.  The
cond.		water is strongly impregnated with lime, as has been the case for some time past.  At Major H. it was so much so it to be very unpleasant particularly to those unaccustomed to it.

Dec 31.	Left Major H’s & proceeded through a good country but considerably stony.  Passes  several times the creek above mentioned, more properly called the Little Indian creek, which is very crooked; the water of this creek is quite sufficient in most seasons of the year to carry mills, although there are only 2 or 3 on it.

Covydon.	943. Arrived at Covydon the Capital of the State of Indiana.  This is likewise the county town of Harrisson Cy.  The town is situated on Indian Creek at the Junction of big & little Indian or East & West forks, about 10 ms. from the Ohio.  It was laid out in 1810 by Gov Harrisson & a Mr Heath.  Col Floyd is the Present proprietor.  About 5 years ago it contained 8 or 10 houses.  It now contains about 50 or 60, but mostly log & has about 500 inhabitants.  A Branch of the Bank of Vincennes is established here, which is the State Bank.  Such a Bank I never saw.  One of our party had $70, which will enable to give mother Bank notes, & I wanted them to change a $100 note of the Brookville Branch & give me any small notes they pleased.  The Cashier said they had not so many small notes.

		There are 6 or 7 Lawyers, 2 Doctors & 5 or 6 stores in Covydos  Covydos is situated on a flat & overflowed this fall 6 inches which was not unusual

128
Dec 31 cond	The legislature of Indiana were in Session & I visited both houses. The
Covydos	lower House has 29 members.  The Upper 10.  The difficulty between Lieut. Gov. Harrisson & Gov. Jennings had happened some little time previous & Harrisson had resigned.  Col Paul was Presidt. pro. tem of the Senate.  All was bustle & confusion in both houses, but the houses sent very formal messages from one house to the other, which is the fashion of all the legislatures of the West.  In the H. of R. I saw one or two laying on their backs upon the table at full length while the House was in Com. of the Whole.  Mr Dunse the speaker of the lower House is a plain but appears to understand the rules of order very well, although he wants energy & decision to enforce them.  The legislature was full of business, being about to adjourn & passed several bills while we were present.  Mr Moore a lawyer of Covydon, formerly of Kentucky is said to be the most efficient & ablest member.  I heard several members speak on different subjects, but I have rarely seen so little talents in the same number of legislators.  Mr Hunt talked of curing folly, & of not permitting a man to remain in his folly, as if the legislature were Doctors to cure crazy people.  I thought of Dr Croes, & I wished him here as this would be noble sphere for him & cure for hydrophobia.

		Col Paul is Pres. of Senate which forms a superb body  Col Boon, a member appears dressed in check shirt with out any cravat, others in same style.

		I saw Gov. Jennings, who is a plain man in his ap-

129
Dec 31	pearance & has very few marks of superior talents.  His countenance bears 
Covydon	marks of intemperance, of which he is also accused.  He lives in a small
cond		log hut with paper windows.

		All concur in praising the new Indian purchase & a committee were appointed to locate a new seat of government, which it is supposed will near the Delaware towns

		This being old Year’s eve, there was a great firing of guns, & much noise

		The members receive $2 a day: Board is $3.50 a week besides washing, horsekeeping & other incidental expenses

Jany 1	Left Covydon & after about 3 miles travelling came to a very extensive
1819		barren or field with scarcely any wood, except a little underbrush; the whole covered with wild grass.  On it there is only 4 or 5 improvements.  It extended 6 or 7 miles on the road.

944 mls.	We crossed Big Indian Creek

955 mls.	We stopped at Rankin’s  Blue River tp Harrisson Cy.  A very good old farmer who settled here a Year ago

956 mls.	Came to another barren.

961 mls.	Fredericksburgh  We crossed the two forks of Blue River on which this village is situated.  Here we come to the Great main road from Vincennes to Louisville. Fredericksburgh is a village of about 20 houses & is about 20 miles from the Ohio Rover.  Blue River empties into a small river which empties into the Ohio.

975 m	Chamber’s. (     tp). Orange Cy. Here we slept.

130
Jany 1 cond.	We arrived late & rode after dark.  Having in some way lost our way 2 or 3 miles in the morning.  Landlord is at Covydon a member of the Legislature.

Paoli		980 mls. is village of Paoli County town of Orange Cy.

Jany 2.	a small village at the forks of Lick creek (Donohue’s).  It was laid out by Jonathan Lindley about 5 years ago & was incorporated Sept 1817

Lost River	988 ms. Crossed Lost River or Lick Creek.  Here it is lost under ground, & is so for 6 or 9 miles, & then appears again.  It empties into the Ohio about 6 or 9 ms from where we crossed, & at its mouth there is a ferry.  There was is evidently in the part that is lost, a basin of a creek on the surface of the earth still remaining

Shoults	1010 ms. We came to the East fork of the White River (Shoults).  We here met Judge Blake, Judge Blackford & Touissnant Dubois & had a long conversation about State politics & much laugh at the members of the 
Thos. H. Blake legislature.  Judge Blake is the Judge about whom Gov. Jennings got in so much difficulty.  He is superficial, but popular in his manners & evidently seeking popularity.  There was a lawyer in Indiana prohibiting Duelling & restraining all those who fought from practicing Law (among other penalties). During the existence & while he was a practising attorney Judge Blake fought a duel in Illinois.  He was consequently oblidged to quit the practice & Gov. Jennings appointed him a Judge in the recess of the Legislature.  The Legis: refused to confirm the appointment, but passed a bill, vulgarly called

131
Jany 2d	for the releif of Blake, by which they repealed the old Duelling law, which
cond		law they immediately reenacted, fixing the time of the commencement of its taking effect subsequent to Blake’s duel.  O! wise legislators! Will not the next duellist ask the same.

Blackford	Judge Blackford is Judge of Supreme Court of this State but is certainly not above mediocrity as to talents or learning
Dubois	Touissant Dubois is a descendant of one of the old French families in this country & lives at Fort Harrisson.

		The landlord is a Col. formerly from N York; & came here a few years worth very little & now owns a farm for which he was offered 15000 Dollars

		½ ms. from this place a man was found hung in the woods to a bough of a tree, supposed to have been killed by a negro who was afterwards shot in Paoli.  No traces of the white man have been discovered.

C		The land we passed over this day is bad & very hilly.  There is however some very good, but the proportion is small

Jany 3rd.	Forded White River, about 20 miles from where it empties into the Ohio.  There are Rapids at Shoults & opposite to his house is a small village laid out called Greenwich, which contains 2 or 3 houses & probably will never have more

		1015 ms. or thereabouts we had from a high hill, a superb view of hill & country.  The scenery was grand & the sky was beautiful.

		About 10 ms. from Shoults, we stopped & took a venison

132
Jany 3rd	dinner cooked ourselves.  Almost all the land we passed through this day 
cond.		is bad, barren & hilly – rough – some marsh

Washington	1030 miles is Washington the county town of Davis Cy.  Mr Flover originally laid out a small village in this vicinity & called it Liverpool, afterwards a county seat was laid out called Washington; they adjoin each other, & a law was lately passed, incorporating both under the name of Washington.  They form a small village of about 60 to 100 inhabitants & about 25 houses, mostly log.  The Court House is a log building, a new one is however building. (Bascourse)

Jany 4th
White River	1034 ms. We forded the west fork of the White River, which is an elegant stream & runs from beyond the Delaware towns.
		
		The country is the same as yesterday, except from Washington to White River & till you come to about 6 ms from Vincennes.  At those places you have a fine, rich soil, & extremely fertile.

		In approaching Vincennes, you cross a very extensive prairie, called the Vincennes prairie, which is very rich.  We also crossed the mouth of a pond which being very muddy, one of our party fell off his horse.

Jany 4th.	Arrived at Vincennes, where we staid all day 5th.  This is 1050 ms.  The
& 5th.	night we came (Jany 4), we found a theatrical or thespian corps were to 
Vincennes.	perform John Bull or Freeman’s fireside.  Part of the scene was

133
Jany 5th	altered to Covydon.

Vincennes	Vincennes is an old French settlement formerly called St. Vincents (for
cond.		the history, ride several books).  There is a Bank called the Bank of Vincennes, which is also the State Bank of Vincennes.  The University of Vincennes is a mere school with hardly any scholars.  It has considerable property, but unproductive but measures are about adopting to render them more productive.  The building is a large brick one, hardly finished.  This town is situated on a large prairie on the banks of the Wabash, which is an elegant large river & navigable to this place.  The town is miserable built & is very old.  There is one church, viz. the Roman Catholic which is a log building.  The houses are mostly log & built by placing the log endways in the ground.  There is a poor market.  Great numbers of Indians visit Vincennes & the trade of this place is considerably with the Indians.  There is not much appearance of improvement.  A large steam mill, which is well conducted & has _____ a large quantity of small notes.

Jany 6th	Crossed the Wabash & entered the State of Illinois  About 1 m de Vincennes, we come to Allison’s Prairie which is 7 or 8 miles long.  We lost our road in this prairie several times.  During the whole day was generally over prairie, & some oak barrens.  The land is good

		1062 mls. is Ambarass Creek or Drift wood fork of White River which we forded at Dubois’ mill.  Th__ We had here taken the wrong road

		1166 mls. Squire Newell’s  Ambarass tp  Edwards Cy.

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Jany 6. cond	1080 ms. is a new township lately surveyed & not yet named.  It was 
Gatewood	formerly in Ambarass tp (Gatewood)  Here we slept.  We had met with some very bad road & swamp.  Birkbeck’s settlement is 12 m from here, It is said that Birkbeck, when some Englishmen were keeping a Christman frolic & shouted for King George, flogged one & killed him.  Palmyra is the county town of Edwards.  Gatewood bean a very bad character & is said to have murdered some travellers, and we were under some dread, but our accommodations were as good as we could expect & he treated us very well.  He is very talkative – abuses the Yankees, & is a great republican & friend of Birkbeck & is a great liar.

Jany 7th.	1092 mls. is Fox River Creek over which is toll bridge made of logs,
Fox River	the creek is about 12 or 15 feet wide, it must however be bad in high 
Creek	water.  They made us pay 12 ½ Cts toll  This bridge is owned by Mr Brown who lives here & takes toll although unauthorized by law.  From Gatewood to Browns is mostly prairie.

Evan’s	1095 mls. is Evans another cabin almost desserted 

May’s	Here we enter the 9 m prairie.  after you proceed a ¼ mile we reached
9 mile	May’s another cabin.  We crossed the nine mile prairie in the center of 
prairie	which is an elegant grove of trees in which many a weary traveller both in winter & summer has reposed & sheltered himself.  particularly during the schorching heat of summer.  For hundreds of acres

135
Jany 7	no tree or vestige of habitation is visible.  Some rascal has however burnt 
cond.		some of the trees, no doubt after they afforded him shelter.

Muddy	12101 mls. is the Muddy fork of the Little Wabash over which is another
fork of L.	toll bridge, owned by Gatewood, similar in description & imposition to 
Wabash	Brown’s

		12104 mls. After crossing some wood land we reach the Little Wabash, which we forded.  It was covered with ice except where the fording place was cut through.  On the West banks of the wabash lives Mc Cally, Who appears to be a good farmer, but many stories are related about his murdering travellers &c.  There are more marks of Industry about this place than any I observe from the Wabash.  This land is unsold & when it is brought into Market will undoubtedly fetch a great price.  We saw several tents of surveyors on the Wabash.  They are surveying the whole country from Gatewood’s to middle of the grand prairie

Goble’s	12106 mis Goble’s on the grand p 12 mile prairie.  We rode till 8 o’clock this evening & after crossing the 12 mile prairie, we crossed several small ones.  On the 12 mile prairie there is scarcely a tree & no house  we were tired & likewise afraid we had missed our way.

Lewis’	12124 mils. is Lewis’ ¼ m from the road

Rutherfords’	12125 mls. is Rutherford, where we slept.  This a house high for fur, a room & a cabin were all it contained  the latte without flour.  In there 11 travellers & 5 residents were contained.  Our party consisting of 4 slept on the floor

136
Jany 7	but the landlord, landlady & maid all slept in one bed in the room we did.  
cond		The other travellers who were all, except one, pedestrians from N.Y. slept as well as they could.

Jany 8	12130 m  Crossed Skillet fork of Little Wabash & a short distance on this side of the toad to Kaskaskia leads off.

Snodgrass.	12137 m  is Snodgrass.  Son in law of You__ hereafter mentioned

Brinbery	12142 m is Brinbery, which is a good house where we slept.  This is on Crooked Creek.  From Rutherfords to this place, it is about ½ woodland & ½ prairie.  At Brinberry’s met Sullivan who is one of the Surveyors now employed in this country.  He is an intelligent man & gave us some useful information.

		Brown told us he gave $1.50 per bushel for corn – at Rutherford’s they said that they paid the same.  We paid Rutherford $2 per bushel for corn & oats.  All the settlers here are squatters.  We were told that cornmeal had been sold for $8.  We were fed at Rutherfords on prairie hens which certainly very much resemble Long Island grouse.  We were told that pigeons were sometimes so plenty as to bear down trees on the prairies by the roots.  W.B. Rocketer told me that Judge Parke of Vincennes had given him that information.

Jany 9.	Crossed Grand Prairie which commences at Brinberry’s & extends 24 miles.  At the end of 3 miles a small neck of wood puts in (12145) on which