Page Number In Haviland
|
Anthropological Term
|
Anthropological Definition
|
|
|
|
|
92
|
language
|
system of communication using sounds or
gestures put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.
|
92
|
symbols
|
sounds or gestures that stand for meanings among a group of people
|
92
|
signal
|
a sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning
|
93
|
linguistics
|
the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
|
94
|
phonetics
|
the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds
|
94
|
phonemes
|
in linguistics, the smallest classes of sound that make a difference in
meaning
|
94
|
phonology
|
the study of the sound patterns of language
|
95
|
morphemes
|
in linguistics, the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning
|
95
|
bound morpheme
|
a sound that can occur in a language only in combination with other sounds,
as s in English does to signify the plural
|
95
|
free morpheme
|
morphemes that can occur unattached in a language; for example, dog
and cat are free morphemes in English
|
96
|
frame substitution
|
a method used to identify the syntactic units of language. For
example, a category called nouns may be established as anything
that will fit the substitution frame " I see a …"
|
96
|
syntax
|
in linguistics, the rules or principles of phrase and sentence making
|
96
|
grammar
|
the entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations
about the morphemes and syntax
|
96
|
form classes
|
the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any
sentence
|
98
|
kinesics
|
a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body
motions that convey messages
|
100
|
paralanguage
|
the extralinguistic noises that accompany language, such as crying or laughing
|
100
|
voice qualities
|
in paralanguage, the background characteristics of a speaker's voice
|
101
|
vocalizations
|
identifiable paralinguistic noises turned on and off at perceivable and
relatively short intervals
|
101
|
vocal characterizers
|
in paralanguage, sound productions such as laughing or crying that humans
"speak" through
|
101
|
vocal qualifiers
|
in paralanguage, sound productions of brief duration that modify utterances
in terms of intensity
|
101
|
vocal segregates
|
in paralanguage, sound productions that are similar to the sounds of language,
but do not appear in sequences that can properly be called words.
|
102
|
language family
|
a group of languages ultimately descended from a single ancestral language
|
102
|
linguistic divergence
|
the development of different languages from a single ancestral language
|
103
|
glottochronology
|
in linguistics, a method of dating divergence in branches of language families
|
103
|
core vocabulary
|
in language, pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural
objects
|
103
|
linguistic nationalism
|
the attempt by ethnic minorities, even countries, to proclaim independence
by purging their languages of foreign terms or reviving unused languages
|
106
|
ethnolinguistics
|
The study of the relation between language and culture
|
106
|
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)
|
the hypothesis, proposed by linguist R. L. Whorf, that states that language,
by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see
the world in a certain way and thus guides their thinking and behavior
|
109
|
dialects
|
varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes
and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
|
109
|
sociolinguistics
|
the study of the structure and use of language as it relates to its social
settings
|
112
|
code switching
|
the process of changing from one level of language to another
|
114
|
displacement
|
the ability to refer to objects and events removed in time and space
|
Page Number In Haviland
|
Anthropological Term
|
Anthropological Definition
|
|
|
|
|
120
|
enculturation
|
the process by which a society's culture
is transmitted from one generation to the next and through which individuals
become members of their society
|
120
|
self-awareness
|
the ability to identify oneself as an object, to react to oneself, and
to appraise oneself
|
125
|
patterns of affect
|
how people feel about themselves and others
|
129
|
personality
|
the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves
|
132
|
dependence training
|
child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned
tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself
|
132
|
independence training
|
child-rearing practices that promote the child's independence, self-reliance,
and personal achievement
|
135
|
modal personality
|
the personality typical of a society as indicated by the central tendency
of a defined frequency distribution
|
138
|
core values
|
the values a particular society especially promotes
|
145
|
ethnic psychoses
|
mental disorders specific to particular ethnic groups
|
Pomo Indians, California,
United States
Abenaki Indians, northeastern United
States
Awlad Ali Bedouins, Egypt (ghinnawas
[little songs])
Bushman & the Ju/'huansi, southern
Africa [Rock art]
Northern Utes, western United States
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Ebonics controversy
John Locke's tabula rasa
Penobscot [concept of self]
Berdache, or two-spirit
Margaret Mead & Coming of
Age in Samoa
John & Beatrice Whiting; Irving
Child
Yanomamo Indians, South America
Francis Hsu [national character]
Ruth Benedict & Patterns
of Culture
Kwakiutl, western Canada [Dionysian]
Zuni, southwestern United States
[Apollonian]
Dobuans, Melanesia [paranoid]
Geoffrey Gorer & Japanese Study
