Page Number In Haviland

Anthropological Term

Anthropological Definition

92

language

system of communication using sounds or gestures put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.

92

symbols

sounds or gestures that stand for meanings among a group of people

92

signal

a sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

93

linguistics

the modern scientific study of all aspects of language

94

phonetics

the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds

94

phonemes

in linguistics, the smallest classes of sound that make a difference in meaning

94

phonology

the study of the sound patterns of language

95

morphemes

in linguistics, the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning

95

bound morpheme

a sound that can occur in a language only in combination with other sounds, as s in English does to signify the plural

95

free morpheme

morphemes that can occur unattached in a language; for example, dog and cat are free morphemes in English

96

frame substitution

a method used to identify the syntactic units of language.  For example, a category called nouns may be established as anything that will fit the substitution frame " I see a …"

96

syntax

in linguistics, the rules or principles of phrase and sentence making

96

grammar

the entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about the morphemes and syntax

96

form classes

the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentence

98

kinesics

a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages

100

paralanguage

the extralinguistic noises that accompany language, such as crying or laughing

100

voice qualities

in paralanguage, the background characteristics of a speaker's voice

101

vocalizations

identifiable paralinguistic noises turned on and off at perceivable and relatively short intervals

101

vocal characterizers

in paralanguage, sound productions such as laughing or crying that humans "speak" through

101

vocal qualifiers

in paralanguage, sound productions of brief duration that modify utterances in terms of intensity

101

vocal segregates

in paralanguage, sound productions that are similar to the sounds of language, but do not appear in sequences that can properly be called words.

102

language family

a group of languages ultimately descended from a single ancestral language

102

linguistic divergence

the development of different languages from a single ancestral language

103

glottochronology

in linguistics, a method of dating divergence in branches of language families

103

core vocabulary

in language, pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects

103

linguistic nationalism

the attempt by ethnic minorities, even countries, to proclaim independence by purging their languages of foreign terms or reviving unused languages

106

ethnolinguistics

The study of the relation between language and culture

106

Sapier-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)

the hypothesis, proposed by linguist R. L. Whorf, that states that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way and thus guides their thinking and behavior

109

dialects

varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

109

sociolinguistics

the study of the structure and use of language as it relates to its social settings

112

code switching

the process of changing from one level of language to another

114

displacement

the ability to refer to objects and events removed in time and space