On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court declared segregated educational facilities to be unconstitutional in its famous Brown v. The Topeka, Kansas, Board of Education decision. This victory for the civil rights movement culminated a long struggle to improve educational opportunities for African-American children. In St. Louis, civil rights organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had campaigned for better African-American schools. To draw attention to the problem of inferior schools they invited Josephine Baker, the international renowned cabaret performer, to perform a benefit concert at Kiel Auditorium in 1952. The Supreme Court ruling two years later required the St. Louis Board of Education to devise a plan for desegregating public schools in the city.