5. Critics of the Dominant Social Paradigm

     1. The Double Movement: The growth of industrial capitalism, and reactions against its consequences

        Joseph Schumpeter: Creative destruction

        Karl Polanyi: The double movement  

2. Stages of Environmental Protection

a.  The Preservationists (late 1800s)

Priority: Preserve Nature’s Beauty

 

Who Spoke for this view: John Muir

Legacy: The National Parks

b. The Conservationists (early 20th Century)

    Priority: make the most efficient use of natural resources

    Who Spoke for this view: Gifford Pinchot, Theodore Roosevelt

    Legacy:    The U.S. Forest Service

                    The U.S. Bureau of Land Management

                    State Departments of Conservation (Missouri Department of Conservation)

c. The Environmentalists  (mid-20th century)

    Priority: Protect humans from environmental harm

    Who Spoke for this view:

Aldo Leopold, Sand County Almanac (1949)

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962)

         Legacy:    Clean Air / Clean Water / Toxic Chemical regulation (among others)

                        The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                        State environmental agencies (Missouri Department of Natural Resources)

    d. Deep Ecology