Drug Policy: Dealing With Drug Use?

(See: Drugs in American Society, 5th, 6th, and 7th editions, Erich Goode, McGraw-Hill, 1999-2008. Chapters 14 and 15)

(or should that be "No thanks, I can make up my own mind?")

WWW Links:

Prevention:

After?

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Primary Prevention

Widespread today, practically universal

Early approaches: Cognitive

Late 1970's: Affective Education/Values Clarification.

1980's and into the 21st Centruy- Social Inoculation

The New millennium: Harm Reduction?

Studies:

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention (Treatment)

Treatment Theories

Medical/Disease: Lost control, incapable of responsibility- medical intervention
    1. Detoxification (not a "real" treatment in and of itself).
    2. Antagonists: Alcohol (Antiabuse- Disulfiram), Narcotics: Nalorphine, Cyclazocine, Naloxone
    3. Maintenance programs and/or total abstinence.
    4. These approaches are designed to get drugs out of peoples system and, through negative reinforcement, keep them out. Seldom used individually.

Learning/Free will: Value issue, choices, decision making: Education

Moral Model: Immoral choice- Punish. Prison.

Drug Courts

Treatment Types:

Studies on Treatment

General Considerations

Criteria for Evaluation

Overall Considerations on Treatment

Drug Testing: Jar Wars!

ACLU: Drug Policy/Drug (Testing Drug Testing: A Bad Investment .pdf file 9/1/99)

Drug Testing becomes "common" in the early 1980's

Drugs, The Law and The Future

(See: Drugs in American Society, 4th. 5th, and 6th editions, Erich Goode, McGraw-Hill, 1993, 1999, and 2005. Chapter 13, 14, and 15)

Federal Legislation of the 20th Century

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act Regulates food production,"The Jungle," clamps down on misrepresentation, institutes content labeling, decline of "patent medicines," Beginning of government regulation
1912 Sherly Amendment Focus on effectiveness
1914 Harrison Narcotics Act Regulates Production, Importation, Distribution, and Use of Opiates.   Department od treasury: Narcotics Division established
1922 Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act (Jones -Miller Act) Intended to eliminate use of narcotics except for legitimate medicinal use.   Establishes: Federal Narcotics Control Board (Still Treasury Department)
1924 Heroin Act Makes it illegal to manufacture heroin
1929 Focus shift to curing addiction (Linder Case 1925) Federal Hospitals in Lexington and Fort Worth for Narcotic Addiction
1930 Issue of Corruption in Narcotics Board Bureau of Narcotics (Harry Anslinger)
1937 Marijuana Tax Act Applies controls over marijuana similar to narcotics
1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act FDA given control over drug safety, Drugs redefined:effect body even in absence of disease, Establishes class of drugs available by Prescription (Company determines status)
1942 Opium Poppy Control Act Prohibits growing poppy w/o license
1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment Established more specific guidelines for prescription drugs: habit forming, safety, and evaluation of new drugs
1951 Boggs Amendment to the Harrison Narcotic Act Mandatory sentences for narcotic violations
1956 Narcotics Control Act Intends to impose even more severe penalties for narcotics violations
1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) Strict controls over amphetamines, barbiturates, LSD, etc. (Bureau of Narcotics and dangerous Drugs)
1966 Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) Allows treatment as an alternative to jail
1968 DACA Amendments Provides that sentence may be suspended and record expunged if no further violations within 1 year
1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act Replaces and updates all previous laws concerning narcotics and other dangerous drugs. Emphasis on law enforcement.
1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act Establishes federally funded programs for prevention and treatment
1973 Methadone Control Act Regulates methadone licensing
1973 Heroin Trafficking Act Increases penalties for distribution
1973 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) Consolidates NIMH, NIDA, and NIAAA under umbrella organization
1973 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Remodels Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs into DEA
1974 and 1978 Drug Abuse Treatment and Control Amendments Extends 1972 act
1978 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Amendments Sets up education programs within Department of Education
1980 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Amendments Extends prevention education and treatment programs
1984 Drug Offenders Act Sets up special programs for offenders and organizes treatment
1986 Analogue (Designer Drug) Act Makes use of substances with similar effects and structure to existing illicit drug illegal
1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act Establishes oversight office: National Drug Control Policy
1992 ADAMHA Reorganization Transfers NIDA, NIMH, and NIAAA to NIH and incorporates ADAMHA's programs into the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

another version

Legal Issues Today

Fiscal Year

Total

Criminal Justice System

Interdiction/ International/ Intelligence

Education/ Community/ Workplace

Drug Treatment

Inflation - Adjusted Dollars in Millions (base year = 1998)

1981

2,747.0

745.3

788.3

292.1

921.3

1982

2,903.4

802.8

965.2

281.4

854.0

1983

3,268.4

1,084.9

960.0

324.9

898.6

1984

3,707.3

1,157.0

1,307.8

329.1

913.4

1985

4,167.1

1,414.6

1,442.0

363.3

947.2

1986

4,284.8

1,597.4

1,379.1

362.9

945.4

1987

6,876.3

2,503.4

2,322.5

863.6

1,186.8

1988

6,486.7

2,745.5

1,668.0

877.0

1,196.7

1989

8,759.5

3,629.9

2,363.6

1,256.7

1,509.3

1990

12,170.7

5,284.7

2,889.5

1,952.6

2,043.9

1991

13,113.7

5,248.6

3,309.5

2,308.9

2,246.7

1992

13,837.2

5,742.8

3,159.2

2,373.8

2,561.4

1993

13,729.3

6,421.2

2,450.8

2,317.6

2,539.9

1994

13,401.2

6,492.6

1,941.2

2,329.2

2,638.3

1995

14,172.9

7,226.9

1,819.2

2,247.4

2,879.2

1996

13,977.0

7,443.5

1,792.4

2,088.2

2,653.1

1997

15,267.4

7,804.1

2,329.9

2,334.3

2,799.1

1998

16,097.3

8,254.2

2,363.5

2,659.7

2,819.9

Dollars in Millions (unadjusted for inflation)

1981

1,531.9

415.6

439.6

162.9

513.8

1982

1,718.9

475.3

571.4

166.6

505.6

1983

1,997.1

662.9

586.6

198.5

549.1

1984

2,363.1

737.5

833.6

209.8

582.2

1985

2,750.8

933.8

951.9

239.8

625.3

1986

2,881.1

1,074.1

927.3

244.0

635.7

1987

4,792.3

1,744.7

1,618.6

601.9

827.1

1988

4,707.8

1,992.6

1,210.2

636.5

868.5

1989

6,663.7

2,761.4

1,798.1

956.0

1,148.2

1990

9,758.9

4,237.5

2,316.9

1,565.7

1,638.9

1991

10,957.6

4,385.6

2,765.4

1,929.3

1,877.3

1992

11,910.1

4,943.0

2,719.2

2,043.2

2204.7

1993

12,171.1

5,692.4

2,172.6

2,054.6

2,251.6

1994

12,184.4

5,903.2

1,764.9

2,117.7

2,398.7

1995

13,251.2

6,756.9

1,700.9

2,101.3

2,692.0

1996

13,454.0

7,164.9

1,725.3

2,010.0

2,553.8

1997

15,033.2

7,684.4

2,294.2

2,298.5

2,756.2

1998

16,097.3

8,254.2

2,363.5

2,659.7

2,819.9

2005 Federal Anti-Drug Budget (executive summary)

2007 Federal Anti-Drug Budget (executive summary)

2009--Change? (local copy)

Punitive Strategies: Prohibition

URL: http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/180/policy.html
Owner: Robert O. Keel rok@umsl.edu
References and Credits for this Page of Notes
Last Updated: Tuesday, December 27, 2011 7:59 AM