From Kathleen Moran & Michael Rogin,
"’What's the Matter with Capra?’: Sullivan's Travels and the Popular Front,” Representations
71 (2000): pp. 106-134.
Sullivan's
Travels' extreme
self-consciousness about the Popular Front motion picture critic's issues-film
form, genre conventions, and mass audience-seems to confine motion pictures to
being about themselves, a conclusion that would break the connection the
Popular Front was trying to establish between Hollywood and the outside world.
The director within the film wants to open up a Popular Front window on
society; the director of the film turns that window into a self-reflecting mirror.
In displaying the movie
audience to itself, or so we will argue, the motion picture that results argues
against the proponents of consumer democracy, from1930s reform intellectuals
and advertisers to contemporary reception theorists. But insofar as Sullivan's
Travels forces self-awareness on the mass viewing public, far from
rendering itself politically irrelevant it exposes what drives us from outside Hollywood
to want to occupy the spectator position. (107)
Far from confirming Sully's
admiration for "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" however, the experience that
he and the viewers of Sullivan's Travels have now been put through
convinces him to return to making the Hollywood comedies he has been trying
so hard to escape. But is the audience supposed to take that ending at face
value, as most viewers, reviewers, and critics have done? What are we to make
of this strangely self-canceling film? (111)
Does the self-referentiality from which Sullivan's Travels never
escapes apotheosize a self-enclosed Hollywood world of motion pictures and
their spectators, or does it provide the only path in a mass-mediated society
by which Sturges can direct us outside? (115)
This opening repartee triply
undercuts Sully's Popular Front desire to employ film as a "sociological"
and "artistic medium." Not only is he presented as knowing better
than the people what they want, whereas the producers speak for audience democracy,
but in addition the rapid comic dialogue sounds more like screwball than
serious discussion. The producers finally discredit Sullivan by challenging his
credentials: "What do you know
about hard luck?" they ask. The force of that accusation, which Sullivan
acknowledges, is itself undercut by the exposure of the producers' own pretentions to early poverty as a confidence
game. More dizzying yet, the role-playing that de authorizes the producers
reauthorizes the director, who will outfit himself in a hobo outfit to go out
and live among the poor. Sullivan will discover the real America thanks to the
Hollywood method of pretending to be what he is not. The net effect of the
rapid-fire exchange of dialogue and clothes is to alienate the audience from
both positions that claim to speak in the name of the people and to force
self-consciousness upon viewers as themselves the subject of the debate.
(116-17)
The brutality of "Mister"
on the interracial chain gang culminates in Sully's solitary confinement in the
sweat box. "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" could well entitle this
episode. For the establishing train shot has granted us entry to society's outcasts
through yet another movie. We are now watching a remake of I Am a Fugitive from
a Chain Gang (1932), the film that Sturges borrowed and screened while he was
making Sullivan's Travels, except that the director marks the difference
between his movie and the original by reminders that Sully is still in a film.
"What do you think this is, a vaudeville show?" asks Mister when he
orders Sully back to work, and how is the viewer supposed to respond? Are we
being reminded that Sullivan is no longer in charge of his vaudeville show, or
that Sturges still is? Has the imprisonment of the director shocked the
audience out of Hollywood and into the real hidden United States, or is it only
the director in the film and neither the one making it nor his viewers who have
come up against the reality principle?
Like
Citizen Kane, Sullivan's Travels refuses to counterpose
the methods by which film achieves its effects to an unmediated world
independent of them. The director's display of his bag of tricks only makes more
disturbing the appearance--even as we know it's not true--that he has been
deprived of them. "It could happen to you," to invoke the title of
Nathanael West's failed socially conscious screenplay (1937). What could happen
to you in the first instance is the deprivation of freedom, the fall from
upward mobility into an imprisoning fixed lower-class identity that was the
menace of the depression and that could land you in jail. But
the apotheosis of film at the climax of Sullivan's Travels, to which we
are about to turn, opens up an even more disturbing possibility of loss, the
deprivation of Hollywood itself.
(121)
As Sully observes the hysterical
laughter of the prisoners, his own laugh is palpably forced out of him in
painful spurts and lurches. It is
as if, against his will, he has finally crossed over some border, finally
stepped out of the movie. Where he has landed, however, is not in some extrafilmic real world but in the motion-picture audience. .
. . In this one painful
moment, Sullivan’s Travels finds the Archimedian
point it has been structured to deny. Sturges
has closed the gap between film and the world by invoking our need, as mass
audience, for Hollywood. It is our faces, reflected back
in the disturbing, needy laughter of the prisoners, that
drive the fantasies on-screen. Enclosed within a compendium of Hollywood conventions,
the church scene escapes Hollywood confinement by implying that the horror of
our own lives, our own need for fantasy, is what generates our collective plots. Like the prisoners
chording at their existence played back to them as a joke, Sullivan's
Travels invites us, its audience, to laugh at the replay of our own
enthrallment to Hollywood. (125-26)
The fall into prison underlines
both the distance separating movie audiences outside prison from those inside
and the ease of slipping from one state to the other. The expression of
solidarity in the film's last laughs raises a still more disturbing possibility,
however, that those of us outside prison (no blacks this time) are as desperately
in need of Pluto's cave as are the inmates, that we share their condition.
(127)