Access to THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1994 provided courtesy of the libraries of the University of Missouri-St. Louis. ====================================================== National Trade Data Bank ITEM ID : CI WOFACT APP-E DATE : Oct 28, 1994 AGENCY : CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PROGRAM : WORLD FACTBOOK TITLE : Appendix E: Selected International Environmental Agreements Source key : CI Program key : CI WOFACT Update sched. : Annually Data type : TEXT End year : 1994 Date of record : 19941020 6 April 1994 Appendix E: Selected International Environmental Agreements Air Pollution see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution ----- Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen Oxides Protocol) ----- Air Pollution-Sulphur see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur Protocol) ----- Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol) ----- Antarctic-Environmental Protocol see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty ----- Antarctic Treaty date opened for signature - 1959 objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties - (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay ----- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal note - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes date opened for signature - 1989 objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties - (65) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, United States, Venezuela ----- Biodiversity see Convention on Biological Diversity ----- Convention on Biological Diversity note - abbreviated as Biodiversity date opened for signature - 1992 objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity parties - (53) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Brazil, Burkina, Canada, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, European Union, Fiji, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, India, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe ----- Climate Change see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ----- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas note - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation date opened for signature - 1958 objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that through the development of modern techniques some of these resources are in danger of being over exploited parties - (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf of Taiwan), Tunisia, Uruguay ----- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution note - abbreviated as Air Pollution date opened for signature - 1979 objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties - (38) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, former Yugoslavia note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Holy See, San Marino ----- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen Oxides Protocol) note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides date opened for signature - 1988 objective - to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes parties - (23) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Spain ----- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur Protocol) note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur date opened for signature - 1985; a second protocol to further reduce sulfur dioxide emissions was completed in 1994 objective - to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993 parties - (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine ----- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol) note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects parties - (8) Finland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European Union, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States ----- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) note - abbreviated as Endangered Species date opened for signature - 1973 objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits parties - (104) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam ----- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping date opened for signature - 1972 objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties - (70) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire ----- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification date opened for signature - 1976 objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties - (62) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Zaire ----- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) note - abbreviated as Wetlands date opened for signature - 1971 objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value parties - (65) Algeria, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Chad, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia ----- Endangered Species see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) ----- Environmental Modification see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ----- Hazardous Wastes see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal ----- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL) note - abbreviated as Ship Pollution date opened for signature - 1973/78 objective - to preserve the marine environment by achieving the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances parties - (83) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia ----- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling note - abbreviated as Whaling date opened for signature - 1946 objective - to protect all species of whales from overfishing and safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks parties - (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States ----- International Tropical Timber Agreement note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber date opened for signature - 1983; a new agreement was opened for signature in 1994, but is not yet in force objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties - (45) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the agreement: Bolivia, Brazil, Cote d'Ivoire, European Union, Honduras, Peru, Philippines ----- Law of the Sea see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) ----- Marine Dumping see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) ----- Marine Life Conservation see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas ----- Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection date opened for signature - 1987 objective - to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control emissions of substances that deplete it parties - (136) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the protocol: Congo, Morocco ----- Nuclear Test Ban see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water ----- Ozone Layer Protection see Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ----- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force objective - to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems parties - (9) Argentina, Australia, Ecuador, France, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the protocol: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay ----- Ship Pollution see International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL) ----- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban date opened for signature - 1963 objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons parties - (112) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the treaty: Algeria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam ----- Tropical Timber see International Tropical Timber Agreement ----- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea date opened for signature - 1982, but not yet in force objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans and, as far as environmental provisions are concerned, to establish material rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment parties - (60) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa ----- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change note - abbreviated as Climate Change date opened for signature - 1992 objective-to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system parties - (64) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Canada, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, European Union, Fiji, France, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire ----- Wetlands see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) ----- Whaling see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling =========================================================================== This section of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1994 produced by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was derived from the US Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Division's NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NTDB) CD-ROM, November, 1994, SuDoc No. C 1.88:994/11/v.1-2 / Presented by Raleigh Muns, (srcmuns@umslvma.umsl.edu) University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries.