3(1013)  General Biology Laboratory (2), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1(1012) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory course to accompany Biology 1(1012). Biology 3(1013) can be used to fulfill the general education requirements in a laboratory science. Biology 3(1013) does not meet the prerequisite requirements for other courses in biology. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

11(1811)  Introductory Biology I (5),[MI, MS]
Prerequisites: A minimum of high school chemistry, English 10(1100) or equivalent (may be taken concurrently), and placement into college  algebra or higher. Required for students intending to major in biology or take specified biology courses at the 200 level or above. Ordinarily followed immediately by Biology 12(1821). This course presents an introduction to some of the principles of biology and scientific methodology applied to the molecular/cellular through  organ system levels of organization. Topics include: cell structure, metabolism,  reproduction, heredity and major physiological processes regulated by organ  systems. Three hours of lecture, three and one-half hours of lab, and one hour of discussion per week.

110 (1102) Human Biology (3)[C, MS]
Lectures and readings concerned with the reproduction, development, genetics, functional anatomy, behavior, ecology, and evolution of the human species. Three hours of lecture per week.

113(1131)  Human Physiology and Anatomy I (4), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1(1012) or its equivalent. The basic aspects of the structure of the healthy human body and how it functions. Special emphasis is on how the human body adapts itself to its environment and how changes affect physiological activities. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week.

114(1141)  Human Physiology and Anatomy II (4), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 113(1131). A continuation of Biology 113(1131). A study of the basic aspects of human physiology and anatomy. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week.

116(1162) General Microbiology (3), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1(1012) or its equivalent. A survey of microbial structure, genetics, and physiology. Special emphasis will be placed on the transmission and control of such organisms as they relate to the maintenance of human health. Three hours of lecture per week.

120(1202) Environmental Biology(3), [MI, MS]
An examination of the biological basis of current environmental problems, with emphasis upon resources, energy, pollution, and conservation. Three hours of lecture per week.

213(3802)  Vertebrate Physiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821) and Chem 11(1111) (or Chem 1(1082) plus Chem 9(1091)). Basic functional aspects of organ systems in relation to the physiochemical properties of protoplasm. Three hours of lecture per week.

215(3803)  Vertebrate Physiology Lab (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 213(3802) (may be taken concurrently). Instrumental and experimental studies in physiology. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

216(2482)  Microbiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) majors must also take Biology 12(1821) and Chem 11(1111) or Chem 1(1082) plus Chem 9(1091). Study of microorganisms, their metabolism, genetics, and their interaction with other forms of life. Three hours of lecture per week.

218(2483)  Microbiology laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 216(2482) (may be taken concurrently). Experimental studies  and procedures of microbiological techniques. Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students will need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some exercises.

220(2102)  General Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). An examination of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Three hours of lecture per week.

222(2103)  General Ecology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102) required (may be taken concurrently); a general statistics course strongly recommended. Analysis of environmental factors influencing the abundance and distribution of living organisms. Some classes held at field sites in and around St. Louis. Three and one-half hours of laboratory or field work per week.

224(2012) Genetics (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) (majors must also take Biology 12(1821) and Chem 11(1111) (or Chem 1(1082) plus Chem 9(1091). Fundamental principles of  inheritance, including classical genetic theory as well as recent advances in the molecular basis of heredity. Three hours of lecture per week.

226(2013) Genetics Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Concurrent registration in Biology 224(2012), or by consent of instructor. Laboratory to accompany Biology 224(2012). Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some exercises.

231(3699) Undergraduate Internship in Biotechnology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821), Chem 11(1111) and 12(1121) and consent of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in Chem 261(2612) or higher is strongly encouraged. A 2.5 GPA and enrollment in the undergraduate Biotechnology Certificate Program is required. Internship will consist of a period of observation, experimentation and on-the-job training in a biotechnology laboratory. The laboratory may be industrial or academic. Credit will be determined by the number of hours a student works each week and in consultation between the intern's supervisor and instructor. Two credits may be used to fulfill the lab requirement.

232(3622)  Cell Structure and Function (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) (majors must also take Biology 12(1821), Chem 11(1111), 12(1121) and 261(2612)or equivalents. General cell biology, stressing cell structure and ultrastructure, as related to cell function. Three hours of lecture per week.

234(3631)  Histology and Microtechniques (5)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) (majors must also take Biology 12(1821), Biology 232(3622) recommended. The basic principles of histology. A survey of basic tissues and organ systems. Techniques associated with preparation of animal tissues for light microscopic studies. Three hours of lecture and three and one half hours of laboratory per week. (Additional lab hours arranged.) Fulfills both a lecture and a laboratory requirement

235(3642)  Development (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). Basic principles of development from the point of view of growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Three hours of lecture per week.

237(3643)  Development Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 235(3642) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 235(3642). Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

240(3202) Conservation Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). Introduction to the principles and theories of conservation biology. Course topics include biodiversity, extinctions, population modeling, habitat fragmentation, conservation area management, restoration ecology, and social science elements of conservation strategies. Class sessions will include lectures, discussions, and simulation exercises. Three hours of lecture per week.

241(3203) Conservation Biology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisites: Biology 240(3202) (recommended to be taken concurrently). Laboratory  to accompany Biology 240(3202). Laboratory will include computer simulations of conservation problems using existing software, 2-3 field trips to local conservation  projects, and field interviews with governmental and non-governmental agencies. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

246(3302)  Introduction to Evolution (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821); Bio 224(2012) strongly recommended.  Introduction to the theory, events, and processes of organic evolution.

250(2501)  Biology of Plants (5)
Prerequisites: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). A general discussion of the plant groups from algae through angiosperms. Plant morphology, physiology, reproduction, and ecology will be discussed in lecture (three hours per week). The laboratory (three and one half hours per week) involves examination of representatives of the plant kingdom and experimentation in plant physiology and genetics. Fulfills both a lecture and a laboratory requirement.

260(2402) Vertebrate Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). Development, structure, function,  interrelationships, and zoogeography of vertebrate animals with particular attention to phylogenetic aspects. Three hours of lecture per week.

262(2403) Vertebrate Biology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 260(2402) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to  accompany Biology 260(2402). Morphological analysis and systematic survey of major vertebrate groups. Overview of the vertebrate life forms and their adaptations  to habitats and resources. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

264(2442)  Invertebrate Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). Structure and function of invertebrate animals with co-emphasis on evolution and phylogenetic interrelationships. A field trip to the Florida Gulf Coast will be offered but not required. Three hours of lecture per week.

266(2443)  Invertebrate Biology laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 264(2442) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 264(2442). Dissection and analysis of invertebrates with an  emphasis on structure and function; includes field trips to area stations. A field trip to the Florida Gulf Coast will be offered but not required. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

280(3102)  Animal Behavior (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821). The study of invertebrate and vertebrate behavior, including neurophysiological, hormonal, developmental, genetic, ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior; behavior interactions within and between populations. Three hours of lecture per week.

282(3103)  Animal Behavior Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 280 (3102)  (may be taken concurrently). Observational  and experimental studies of animal behavior in the field and laboratory. Three and one-half hours of formal laboratory time per week, but additional time may be required for independent projects. Some activities involve field trips or trips to the St. Louis Zoo.

285(4985)  Curriculum and Methods of Teaching Life Sciences (4)
(Same as SecEd 285(4985). Prerequisite: SecEd 213(3213) and a near-major in biology. A study of the scope and sequence of the life science courses in the school curriculum, with emphasis on the selection and organization of materials and methods of instruction and evaluation. The analysis of teaching/learning and field experience observations in secondary school classrooms will be integrated into classroom activities and discussions. This course must be completed in  residence.

286(4986)  Laboratory in Teaching Life Sciences (2)
(Same as SecEd 286(4986).) Prerequisite: SecEd 213(3213). Discussion, development,  utilization, and evaluation of equipment, materials, and techniques applicable to instruction in the life sciences. Must be taken concurrently with Biology 285(4985)/SecEd 285(4985).

302(4980)  Science in the Real World: Microbes in Action (2)
Prerequisites: Biology 11(1811) or Chem 11(1111) or equivalent course, and experience teaching science at the middle school or high school level. A hands-on workshop in microbiology designed for secondary school science teachers interested in introducing microbiology to their students. Includes lectures on basic microbiology, laboratory exercises in microbiology for middle school or high school classroom, discussion sessions, and a session in the computer lab to familiarize teachers with microbiology resources on the Web. Open only to middle school and high school science teachers. Does not count as credit toward degree in biology.

314(4802)  Environmental Physiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 213(3802). Physiological responses of animals to environmental  changes. Adaptation of organisms to various environments. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 314(4802) and 414(6802).

316(4482) Parasitology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811), 12(1821), and 10 additional hours of biology and upper-division standing. (Biology 232(3622) strongly recommended.) A broadly based course emphasizing the phylogeny, life history, ecology, and physiology of parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Modern aspects of experimental  parasitology, immunoparasitology, and parasite molecular biology will be addressed.

317(4842) Immunobiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 371(4712) and Chem 261(2612). The fundamental principles and concepts of immunology and immunochemistry. Emphasis on the relation of  immunological phenomena to biological phenomena and biological problems. Three hours of lecture per week.

319(4843)  Immunobiology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 317(4842) (may be taken concurrently). Basic experimental  procedures in immunology. Introduction to experimental evidence underlying concepts in immunology. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

320(4822) Introduction to Neuroscience (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 213(3802) or consent of instructor. The study of nervous systems, featuring the cellular bases of initiation and conduction of the impulse, synaptic transmission, and the network integrative function of invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. This course emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of the neurosciences, including anatomical, physiological and molecular  approaches to understanding neural function. Three hours of lecture per week.

322(4823)  Laboratory Techniques in Neuroscience (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 320(4822) (must be taken concurrently). Experiments are designed to accompany Biology 320(4822), and will include the use of live animals and computer simulation of the physiological and biophysical properties of excitable membranes.

323 (3122) Tropical Resource Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102) and either Biology 246(3302) or 280(3102) or  their equivalent, or consent of instructor. A lecture and seminar course that applies the behavioral ecology paradigm to the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 323(3122) and 423(5122). Three hours of lecture per week. Offered in odd numbered years.

324 (3123) Tropical Resource Ecology Field Studies (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 323(3122) (may be taken concurrently). The field component  to the lecture and seminar course. Examines the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans in the context of the theories of behavioral  ecology. Two weeks of intensive field research and lectures in Guyana, South  America during the second and third weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to  be borne by the student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 324(3123)  and Biology 424(5123). Offered in odd numbered years.

325(3145) Tropical Vertebrate Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), and either Biology 280(3102) or 246(3302),  or their equivalent, or consent of instructor.  Explores the natural history and role of neotropical vertebrate individuals, populations, and communities in savanna and rainforest ecosystems. Three weeks of intensive natural history lecture, discussion and group and individual field studies in Guyana, South  America during the second,  third, and fourth weeks of Summer Session I (trip  costs to be borne by the student). Students may not receive credit for both  Biology 325(3145) and 425(5145). Offered in even numbered years.

326(4602) Molecular Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 224(2012) and 371(4712). A study of the principles of molecular biology, with emphasis on understanding the genetic regulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and function in the eukaryotic cells. Three  hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for Biology 326(4602)  and either Biology 426(6602) or any course previously called Gene Expression  in Eukaryotes or Advanced Gene Expression in Eukaryotes.

327(4614) Biotechnology Laboratory I (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 224 (2012)and Biology 218(2483), or consent of instructor.  An introduction to the fundamental concepts that underlie the field of biotechnology.  Both the basic principles of molecular biology and hands-on experience with  the techniques of the field will be addressed through lectures, discussions,  and a series of laboratory exercises. Two hours of lecture and four hours of  laboratory per week. Fulfills a laboratory requirement only. May not be used  to fulfill the 300-level lecture course requirement for the B.A. or B. S. degree  in biology. Students may not receive credit for Biology 327(4614) and either  a course previously called Introduction to Biotechnology or a comparable biotechnology  course from another institution.

328(4615)  Biotechnology Laboratory II (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 327(4614)and either Biology 326(4602) or Biology 338(4612), or consent of instructor. An in-depth look at theory and practice of biotechnology.   Lectures and discussion will examine the underlying principles, and laboratory  exercises will present hands-on experience with current techniques. One hour  of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Fulfills a laboratory requirement only; may not be used to fulfill 300-level lecture course requirement for the B.A. or B.S. degree in biology. Students may not receive credit for Biology  328(4615) and either Biology 428 (6615)or any course previously called Techniques  in Molecular Biology or Advanced Techniques in Molecular Biology.                                                                                                                               333(4632) Nucleic Acid Structure and Function (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 224(2012) and 371(4712) or equivalent or consent  of instructor. Comprehensive view of structural properties of DNA and RNA that promote molecular interactions and biological function. Topics include physical properties of nucleic acids, formation and biological importance of higher order  structures, RNA enzymatic activities, nucleic acid-protein interactions,and RNA metabolism. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 333(4632) and 433(6632).

334(4652) Virology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 216(2482) and 224(2012). A comparative study of the structure,  reproduction, and genetics of viruses. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 334(4652) and 434(6652)

335(4622)  Molecular Cell Biology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 326(4602), Biology 232(3622), and Biology 371(4712) or consent of instructor. A study of the structural organization and processes  of eukaryotic cells. Topics of discussion will include regulation of transcription, gene product processing and transport, organelle biogenesis and function,cytoskeletal  structure and function, and cell interactions. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 335(4622) and Biology 435(6622).

338(4612)  Molecular Genetics of Bacteria (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 216(2482) and Biology 224(2012). A study of the molecular  biology of gene replication, transfer, and expression in bacterial cells. Topics include DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutagenesis, DNA repair and recombination, gene transfer, and the regulation of genes and global expression systems. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for Biology 338(4612) and either Biology 438(6612) or any course previously called Gene Expression in Prokaryotes or Advanced Gene Expression in Prokaryotes.

339(4642)  Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (3) Prerequisite:  Biology 326(4602) or 338(4612). Topics will include plant cell and developmental  biology, DNA transfer into plants, using mutations to identify genes and their  functions, regeneration of plants in tissue culture, signal transduction mechanisms,  molecular biology of plant organelles, developmental engineering, metabolic  engineering, plant-microbe interactions, and engineered resistance to pathogen  attack. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for  both Biology 339(4642) and 439(6642).

341(4182) Population Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102) and 224(2012) (Biology 246(3302) recommended).  Introduces concepts and mathematical models of population ecology and population  genetics. By integrating the ecology and genetics of populations, the course  goal is to understand the processes that contribute to microevolution of populations.  Topics include demography, metapopulation biology, natural selection, migration,  gene flow, and genetic drift. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may  not receive credit for both Biology 341(4182) and 441(6182).

347(4299)  Practicum in Conservation (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 240(3202) or consent of instructor. This course is generally  restricted to students officially enrolled in the Certificate Program in Conservation  Biology. The course provides practical experience with conservation or environmental  agencies. Specific placement will be selected according to student's interests and career goals as well as availability of agency openings. Course requirements include practical experience and final report on practicum experience.

348(4112) Evolution of Animal Sociality (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 280(3102) or consent of instructor, Biology 220(2102)  or 341(4182) recommended. The evolution of sociality, including a critical examination of sociobiological theories and alternative approaches to social evolution.  Survey of social organization and behavior in arthropods, with an emphasis on  social insects, and vertebrates. Two hours of lecture, one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 348(4112) and 448(6112).

351(4501)  Flowering Plant Families: Phylogeny and Diversification (5)
Prerequisites: Biology 250(2501) or consent of instructor. Focusing on the flowering plant families of North America, the aim of the course is to give  an understanding of their phylogeny and diversification. Student will also gain an understanding of plant morphology and anatomy, a basis for further developing  their knowledge of plants. Three hours of lecture and three to four hours of  laboratory per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled  times.

353(4532) Sex and Evolution in the Flowering Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 11(1811)or 12(1821)or equivalent; Biology 246(3302)  or 250(2501)recommended. The evolution of flowers, and flowering plants, is the result of mutualistic plant-animal interactions. This course explores all aspects of the function of flowers, integrating findings and approaches from ecology, systematics, plant physiology, and animal behavior. flower color, scent, and nectar, deceptive pollination systems, pollen-stigma interactions and incompatibility systems, flowering plant mating systems (including selfing and apomixis), and  pollination by insects, vertebrates, wind, and water. Two hours of lecture per  week and one hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a  laboratory requirement for biology majors.

355(4552) Evolution and Phylogeny of Seed Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 246(3302) or 250(2501) or equivalent. Examination of  the evolution of, and relationships among, major lines of seed-bearing plants, both extinct (Bennettitales, cordaites, etc.) and extant (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, Gnetales, and flowering plants). Criteria for the assessment or morphological homology are examined, and wherever possible the evolution of morphological  structures is related to their function. Includes introduction to cladistic methods and practical exercises in the analysis of large morphological data  matrices using PAUP & MacClade. Two hours of lecture per week and one hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a laboratory requirement for biology majors. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 355(4552) and Biology 455(6552).

360(4784) Techniques in Electron Microscopy (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 232(3622) and consent of instructor, Biology 234(3631)  recommended. Discussion of electron microscopy and associated techniques. Students will learn techniques associated with the preparation of materials for electron microscopy and learn to operate and perform minor servicing of the electron  microscope. This course fulfills a laboratory requirement for the B.A. or B.S. degree in biology; it may not be used to fulfill the 300-level lecture course requirement for the B.A. or B.S. in biology. Two hours of lecture per week and  two hours of laboratory per week.

361(4785)  Advanced Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (2)
Prerequisites: Biology 360(4784) (may be taken concurrently). Additional laboratory  to accompany Biology 360(4784). Students may use the electron microscope to conduct specific research projects and/or to improve their proficiency in techniques associated with the electron microscope. Students may not use both Biology 360(4784) and Biology 361(4785) to fulfill the minimum number of laboratory courses required  for the B.A. or the B.S. degree in biology. A minimum of four hours per week, to be arranged.

362(3322)  History of Natural History: Systematics, Ecology, and Natural  History in the Strict Sense (3)
(Same as History 245(3322).)Prerequisites:At least 3 biology courses beyond  the introductory level or consent of instructor. Topics include principles of ethnobiological classification, Aristotle and Theophrastus and their incorporation in western science, and natural history in the Renaissance. Focuses on the breakup of natural history after 1750; integration of natural history and botany in popular culture and its consequences for professional disciplines; relationships between new botany and classification botany, among botany, zoology and biology at the end of 19th century, and between field and laboratory science;  and conflict between systematic schools in later 20th century. Three  hours of lecture per week. Paper on topic of student's choice required. Credit  not granted for more than one of Biology 362(3322), History 245(3322), and Biology  462(5322).

364 (4402) Ornithology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102) and junior standing. Introduction to avian  biology and ecology. Material to be covered will include basic adaptations of  anatomy, physiology, and behavior of birds. There will be a strong emphasis  on avian ecology and conservation. Specific topics will include flight, reproductive  behavior, migration, foraging behavior, community structure, and current conservation  concerns. The diversity of birds will be emphasized through comparisons between  temperate and tropical regions. Three hours of lecture per week.

365(5312)  Theory of Systematics (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821) and at least one course beyond  introductory level dealing with animal, plant, or microbial diversity (such  as Biology 216(2482), 250(2501), 260(2402), 316(4482), 351(4501), 364(4402),  or 367(4422) or consent of instructor. Investigates theory of classification,  phylogenetic analysis, systematic biology, and their relation to systematic  practice. Covers goals and schools of systematics, characters, and homology,  analysis of molecular and morphological data and underlying assumptions, species  concepts, classification, naming, and connections between evolutionary biology  and systematics. Appropriate for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students  in all disciplines, animal, plant, and microbial, as introduction to systematic  methods. Three hours of lecture per week.

366(4403) Ornithology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 364(4402) (may be taken concurrently) or consent of instructor.  This course will introduce students to methods of identifying and studying birds.  Labs will almost entirely be comprised of field trips to local areas and will  emphasize diversity of birds, adaptations shown by different groups, and means of identification, particularly of birds found in Missouri. Field projects will  focus on techniques for censusing birds, sampling foraging behavior, and studying  habitat selection. Indoor periods will cover internal and external anatomy of  birds. Slides and field trips to the St. Louis Zoo will be used to survey the  diversity of birds worldwide. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.  Longer (e.g., Saturday) field trips will be made when appropriate.

367(4422) Entomology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821); 9 additional hours of biology, and upper-division standing. Development, structure, function, behavior and ecology of insects, including a systematic survey of the orders of Insecta. Three hours of lecture per week.

368(4423) Entomology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 367(4422) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to  accompany Biology 367(4422). Studies of the morphology, physiology, and behavior of insects to give a sampling of biological studies of the class Insecta. Formation of a collection of insects, comprising a systematic survey of orders and principal  families, will be an integral part of the course and will require additional time beyond the official lab hours. Three and one-half hours of lab per week.

371(4712)  Biochemistry (3)
(Same as Chemistry 371(4712)). Prerequisite: Chemistry 261(2612) and either  Biology 11(1811) or Chem 262(2622). The chemistry and function of cell constituents,  and the interaction and conversions of intracellular substances. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 371(4712) and Chemistry 371(4712). Biology 371(4712) may not be used to fulfill the 300-level lecture course requirement for the B.S. in Biology.

375 (4713) Techniques in Biochemistry (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 371(4712)or Chemistry 371(4712) (may be taken concurrently).  Laboratory activities introducing fundamental qualitative and quantitative biochemical  techniques. Student evaluation will be based on laboratory participation, student  laboratory reports, and written examinations. Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some experiments.

376(5712) Topics in Biochemistry (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 371(4712). Topics include control of cellular metabolism, membrane transport mechanisms of action of enzymes and hormones, and enzyme kinetics. Three hours of lecture per week.

378(5715) Protein Biochemistry Laboratory(2)
Prerequisite: Biology 375(4713) or consent of instructor. Exploration of various techniques and tools for purification, analysis, and characterization of proteins.  Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

380(4102) Behavioral Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 280(3102) (Biology 220(2102) recommended). Topics in animal behavior with an emphasis on ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior.  Topics may include the role of behavior in population regulation, habitat selection  and spacing, feeding and predator-prey interactions, sexual selection, evolution of mating systems, and new approaches to animal communication. Three hours of  lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 380(4102)  and 480(6102).

382(4302)  Biogeography (3)
Prerequisites: Introductory biology and at least one course beyond the introductory  level dealing with animal, plant, or microbial diversity (such as Biology 216(2482),  250(2501), 260(2402), 264(2242), 316(4482), 351(4501), 364(4402) or 367(4422),  or permission of the instructor.  This course investigates the theory and practice  of biogeographic research, and shows how biogeography integrates the disciplines  of ecology, population biology, evolution, and systematics. The course will  cover both traditional and quantitative approaches to the analysis of organisms'  distributions, using examples from plants and animals.  Students will analyze  a published or original data set of their choice, using available biogeographic  computer software. The course is appropriate for upper level undergraduates  and graduate students in all disciplines of biology. Three hours of lecture  per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 382(4302) and  482(6302).

383(4192)  Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), 388(4122) or equivalent, and consent of instructor;  short course in UNIX operating systems recommended. Geographic Information Systems  (GIS) are sophisticated computer-based systems for analysis, capture, presentation,  and maintenance of geographically referenced data. This course provides a foundation  in using GIS for spatial analysis. Students will have hands-on use of GIS software  using UNIX-based computer workstations. Three hours of combined lecture and  computer operations per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology  383(4192) and 483(6192).

384(4162) Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 246(3302) and 341(4182), or equivalent, or consent of  instructor.  The course will explore the use of evolutionary theory to interpret  life-history adaptations of organisms, family and social interactions, coevolution, and macroevolution. Topics will include the evolution of sex, sexual selection, aging, parent-offspring conflict, evolution of pathogen virulence, artificial selection, and genetic modification of organisms. Students will also analyze  data sets using computer software to highlight the application of game theory  approaches and phylogenetically based comparative analysis to interpret patterns  in nature. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 384(4162) and 484(6162).

385(4202) Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), and junior standing. This course will provide  a basic survey of the ecological issues involved in conservation and management of wild animals. Topics will include population dynamics and regulation, habitat management, endangered species, wildlife legislation, predator-prey interactions, human-wildlife conflicts, sustainable use of wildlife. There will be a strong emphasis on temperate ecosystems, but many examples will be drawn from tropical ecosystems. Use of computer simulation models in wildlife conservation and management will be included. Three hours of lecture per week.

386(4203)  Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 385(4202) (may be taken concurrently) or consent of instructor.  This course will provide field and laboratory experiences to accompany Biology  385(4202). Field trips will emphasize field research techniques, including methods for sampling animal populations and their habitat. Considerable emphasis will be placed on learning to identify common vertebrates of Missouri streams and forests. Laboratory periods will be used to discuss methods of data analysis, computer simulations, as well as further emphasis on identification. Three and  one-half hours of lab per week. Several one- to two-day field trips will be  required as well.

387(4222) Tropical Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), 341(4182), 442(5192) or equivalent. This course  will cover research areas in tropical population, community and ecosystems ecology, with emphasis on interspecies and environment-organism interactions, population  control factors, and genetic structure of populations. Topics include the current  status and causes of tropical habitat destruction, ongoing attempts to manage those habitats, and development of strategies leading to sustained use of nonrenewable resources. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 387(4222) and 487(6222). Three hours of lecture per week.

388(4122) Biometry (3)
Prerequisite: Math 30(1030) and a minimum of 15 hours in biology. Reviews descriptive,  analytical, and experimental methods useful for the statistical study of biological  phenomena. Students will develop the skills needed to better appreciate and evaluate the published literature, as well as the ability to design their own  research programs. Topics include: the collection and summarization of biological  observations; development, design, and testing of hypotheses; analysis and presentation  of data. Three hours of lecture per week. Fulfills the statistics requirement  for the B.A. or B.S. degree in biology.

389(4889) Senior Seminar (2)
Prerequisite: Senior standing. Required of biology majors. Oral and written presentation by students of selected scientific papers or articles. Students are expected to participate in discussions of oral presentations by other students.  May not be taken for graduate credit.

390(4905) Research (1-3)
Prerequisite: Consent of the Biology 390(4905) course coordinator. Generally restricted to junior and senior standing. Research (laboratory and/or library) in an area selected by the student in consultation with and under the supervision of a faculty research adviser. Credit arranged. Course may be repeated for a total of up to 5 credit hours. No more than 2  credit hours may be applied toward the minimum number of biology course credits  for the major in biology.

392(4920) Selected Topics (1-10)
Prerequisite: Junior standing and consent of instructor. Selected topics in biology. The topics will vary each semester. Topics available in the department office. Credit arranged. May be taken more than once for credit.

395(4245)  Field Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Three biology courses and consent of instructor. Intensive study of the flora and fauna of selected natural areas of North America, including an extended field trip. Details of the field trip and course Schedulewill  be posted in the Biology Department preceding registration for the term in which  the course will be offered. Students will be required to pay costs of travel  and of the field trip. This is a laboratory course appropriate for advanced  undergraduates and non-thesis Master of Science students. Students may not receive  credit for both biology 395(4245) and 440(6245).

396 (3182) Introduction to Marine Science(3)
Prerequisite: Biology 11(1811) and 12(1821) or their equivalents, (Biology  264(2442) and 266((2443) recommended). A multidisciplinary study of the ocean  environment. Topics to include the geology of ocean basins, atmospheric and astronomic effects on the motion of water, chemical and physical properties of sea water, and the adaptations and diversity of marine organisms to their environment. Topics will include the ecology of various benthic and pelagic  marine communities and human impact on the world's oceans. Offered in Winter  Semester only.

398(3183) Introduction to Marine Science Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 396(3182) and consent of instructor. An intensive laboratory  and field study of selected North American marine communities. Based on a two-week  field trip to Florida and offered during the Spring Intersession semester, following the lecture course (Biology 396(3182) of the preceding winter semester. Students must pay their own travel and living expenses.

405(5059) Topics in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (1)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Presentation and discussion of current faculty and student research projects in behavior, ecology, evolution, and systematics. May be repeated for a maximum of 3 credit hours. One hour per week.

406 (5069) Topics in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (1)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Presentation and discussion of student and  faculty research projects and/or current research articles in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 3 credit hours. One hour per week.

407 (5079)Topics in Floristic Taxonomy (1)
Prerequisite: Biology 250(2501) or equivalent, and graduate  standing. Seminar course in systematics of higher plants, arranged in the Cronquist sequence of families, covering morphology, anatomy, palynology, biogeography, chemosystematics, cytology, and other aspects of plant classification and phylogenetics.  Given at the Missouri Botanical garden. One hour per week.

414(6802) Advanced Environmental Physiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 213(3802). Advanced aspects of physiological responses  of animals to environmental changes. Adaptation of organisms to various environments. Three hours of lecture, one hour of discussion or seminar per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 314(4802) and 414(6802).

417(5842) Advanced Immunology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 317(4842). Advanced consideration of techniques of measuring  antigen-antibody interaction; immunogenetics as applied to cellular immunity  and transplantation; evolution of the immune response. Three hours of lecture  per week.

423(5122) Advanced Tropical Resource Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), and either Biology 246(3302) or Biology 280  (3102) or their equivalent, or consent of the instructor. A lecture and seminar course that applies the behavioral ecology paradigm to the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 323(3122) and Biology 423(5122). Three hours of lecture, and one hour of discussion or seminar per week. Offered in odd numbered years.

424(5123) Advanced Tropical Resource EcologyField Studies (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 423(5122) (may be taken concurrently). The field component to the lecture and seminar course. Examines the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans in the context of the theories of behavioral ecology. Two weeks of intensive field research and lectures in Guyana, South  America during the second and third weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to  be borne by student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 424(5123)  and Biology 324(3123). Offered in odd numbered years.

425(5145) Advanced Tropical Vertebrate Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), and either Biology 280(3102) or Biology 246(3302)  or their equivalent, or consent of the instructor.  Explores the natural history  and role of neotropical vertebrate individuals, populations, and communities in savanna and rainforest ecosystems. Three weeks of intensive natural history lecture, discussion, and group and individual field studies in Guyana, South  America during the second, third, and fourth weeks of Summer Session I (trip  costs to be borne by student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology  425(5145) and Biology 325(3145). Offered in even numbered years.

426(6602) Advanced Molecular Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 224(2012) and 371(4712), or consent of instructor. A  study of the principles of molecular biology, with emphasis on understanding  the  genetic regulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and function in eukaryotic  cell. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an  oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the course.  Students may not receive credit for Biology 426(6602) and either Biology 326(4602)  or any course previously called Gene Expression in Eukaryotes or Advanced Gene  Expression in Eukaryotes.

428(6615)  Advanced Biotechnology Laboratory II (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 327(4614) and either Biology 326(4602) or Biology 338(4612),  or consent of instructor. An in-depth look at the theory and practice of biotechnology.  Lectures and discussion will examine the underlying principles, and laboratory exercises will present hands-on experience with current techniques. One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to  the course. Students may not receive credit for Biology 428(6615) and either Biology 328(4615)or any course previously called Techniques in Molecular Biology or Advanced Techniques in Molecular Biology.

431(6699) Graduate Internship in Biotechnology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing and enrollment in graduate Biotechnology Certificate  Program. Six credit hours maximum (maximum of eight combined credit hours of  490(6905) and internship). Internship will consist of period of observation, experimentation and on-the-job training in a biotechnology laboratory. The laboratory may be industrial or academic. Credit will be determined by the number of hours the student works each week and in consultation between the  intern's supervisor and the instructor. Internship assignments will be commensurate with the education and experience of the student.

433(6632)  Advanced Nucleic Acid Structure and Function (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 224(2012) and 371(4712) or equivalent or consent of  instructor. Comprehensive view of structural properties of DNA and RNA that  promote molecular interactions and biological function. Topics include physical  properties of  nucleic acids, formation and biological importance of higher order structures, RNA enzymatic activities, nucleic acid-protein interactions, and RNA metabolism. Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week.  Students may not receive credit for both Biology 333(4632) and 433(6632).

434(6652) Advanced Virology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 216(2482) and 224(2012). An advanced comparative study  of the structure, reproduction, and genetics of viruses. Three hours of lecture, one hour of discussion or seminar per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 334(4652) and 434(6652).

435(6622) Advanced Molecular Cell Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 326(4602), Biology 232(3622), and Biology 371(4712),  or consent of instructor. A study of structural organization and processes of eukaryotic cells. Topics of discussion will include regulation of transcription, gene product processing and transport, organelle biogenesis and function, cytoskeletal structure and function, and cell interactions. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra  paper on a topic relevant to the course. Students may not receive credit for  both Biology 435(6622) and Biology 335(4622).

438(6612) Advanced Molecular Genetics of Bacteria (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 224(2012) and 216(2482). A study of the molecular biology  of gene replication, transfer, and expression in bacterial cells. Topics include DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutagenesis, DNA repair and  recombination, gene transfer, and the regulation of genes and global expression systems. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the  course. Student may not receive credit for Biology 438(6612) and either Biology  338(4612) or any course previously called Gene Expression in Prokaryotes or  Advanced Gene Expression in Prokaryotes.

439(6642)  Advanced Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 326(4602) or 338(4612). Topics will include plant cell  and developmental biology, DNA transfer into plants, using mutations to identify genes and their functions, regeneration of plants in tissue culture, signal transduction mechanisms, molecular biology of plant organelles, developmental engineering, metabolic engineering, plant microbe interactions, and engineered  resistance to pathogen attack. Three hours of lecture and one hour of seminar  per week. Student may not receive credit for both Biology 339(4642) and Biology  439(6642).

440(6245)  Ecological Research in Temperate Zones (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. This course will visit several temperate ecosystems with the objectives of learning about the natural history of these areas together with learning how to design projects and conduct field research addressing current ecological theories in a temperate setting. Several faculty members will participate in this course. Temperate sites to be visited will likely include Missouri Ozarks, Great Smokey  Mountains, Indiana dunes, and Southern Illinois bottomland and cypress swamp  forest. Students will be required to pay costs of travel and of field trips.  Students may not receive credit for both Biology 395(4245) and 440(6245). Two  hours of discussion (during weekday), four-six weekend field trips (leave Friday,  return Sunday), and several (2-4) Saturday field trips during the first eight weeks of semester.

441(6182)  Advanced Population Biology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 220(2102) and 224 (2012) (Biology 246(3302) recommended).  Introduces concepts and mathematical models of population ecology and population  genetics. By integrating the ecology and genetics of populations, the course goal is to understand the processes that contribute to microevolution of populations. Topics include: demography, metapopulation biology, natural selection, migration,  gene flow, and genetic drift. A discussion section will focus on mathematical  elements of population biology models. Three hours of lecture, and one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 341(4182)  and 441(6182).

442(5192)  Population and Community Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102) or 341(4182)or their equivalents. Studies of  structure and organization of natural communities stressing the abundance and distribution of species, the regulation of species diversity, and the evolution of demographic parameters in populations. Three hours of lectures per week.

445 (6250) Public Policy of Conservation and Sustainable Development (3)
(Same as Pol Sci 452(6452). Prerequisite: graduate standing in Biology or Political  Science and consent of instructor. Prior course in ecology recommended. This course will introduce the student to concepts and techniques for formulating, implementing, and analyzing public policy with an emphasis on environmental concerns, conservation, and sustainable development. The course will be team-taught by a political scientist and a biologist. Course materials will include case studies that demonstrate the special problems of the environmental policy-making  in developing and developed economics.

446(6212)  Theory and Application of Conservation Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 341(4182), 442(5192), or equivalent; or consent of instructor.  Prerequisites may be taken concurrently. Advanced analysis of conservation theory with emphasis on conservation of populations, their genetic diversity, and the biodiversity of habitats. Applied aspects of conservation and sustainable  development will be illustrated through case studies presented by conservation  professionals.

447(6299)  Internship in Conservation Biology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Biology 445(6250) or 446(6212) and consent of the director of graduate studies in Biology. Internships will consist of a period of study, observation, and on-the-job training at a conservation or environmental agency. Specific placements will be selected according to student's interests and career goals. Internships may vary from 2 weeks to 4 months in duration.

448 (6112) Advanced Evolution of Animal Sociality (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), or 341(4182) recommended or consent of instructor.  The evolution of sociality, including a critical examination of sociobiological theories and alternative approaches of social evolution. Survey of social organization and behavior in arthropods, with an emphasis on social insects, and vertebrates. Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 348(4112) and Biology 448(6112).

453(6522)  Evolution of Plant Development (3)
Prerequisites: Graduate standing and understanding of basic molecular biology, plant morphology and physiology, and phylogenetic theory, or consent of instructor.  Covers plant developmental genetics and morphogenesis in an evolutionary context.  Readings in literature on developmental genetics, phylogenetic relationships, developmental morphology, and molecular evolution of developmentally important genes. Topics may include evolution and development of embryos, seedlings, shoots, roots, vascular systems, sporangia, flowers, gametophytes, seeds, and fruit. Three hours of lecture and discussion per week.

455(6552)  Advanced Evolution and Phylogeny of Seed Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 246(3302) or 250(2501), or equivalent. Advanced approaches  in examination of the evolution of, and relationships among, major lines of  seed-bearing plants, both extinct (Bennettitales, cordaites, etc.) and extant  (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, Gnetales, and flowering plants). Criteria for the assessment of morphological homology are examined, and wherever possible the evolution of morphological structures is related to their function. Includes use of cladistic methods and practical exercises in the analysis of large morphological  data matrices using PAUP & MacClade. Two hours of lecture per week and one  hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a laboratory requirement  for biology majors. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 355(4552)  and Biology 455(6552).

462(5322) Advanced History of Natural History: Systematics, Ecology, and  Natural History in the Strict Sense (3)
Prerequisites:At least 3 biology courses beyond the instroductory level or consent of instructor. Topics include principles of ethnobiological classification, Aristotle and Theophrastus and their incorporation in western science, and natural history in the Renaissance. Focuses on breakup of natural history after 1750; integration of natural history and botany in popular culture and its consequences for professional disciplines; relationships between new botany and classification botany, among botany, zoology and biology at the end of 19th century,  and between field and laboratory science; and conflict between systematic schools  in later 20th century. Three hours of lecture per week. Comprehensive  paper on topic of student's choice required. Credit not granted for more than one of Biology 362(3322), History 245(3322), and Biology 462(5322).

480 (6102) Advanced Behavioral Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 280(3102) (Biology 220(2102) recommended). Topics in  animal behavior with an emphasis on ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior. Topics may include the role of behavior in population regulation, habitat selection  and spacing, feeding and predator-prey interactions, sexual selection, evolution  of mating systems, and new approaches to animal communication. Three hours of  lecture, one hour discussion or seminar per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 380(4102) and 480(6102).

482(6302) Advanced Biogeography (3)
Prerequisites: Introductory biology and at least one course beyond the introductory  level dealing with animal, plant, or microbial diversity (such as Biology 216(2482),  250(2501), 260(2402), 264(2442), 316(4482), 351(4501), 364(4402) or 367(4422),  or permission of the instructor.  This course investigates the theory and practice  of biogeographic research, and shows how biogeography integrates the disciplines  of ecology, population biology, evolution, and systematics. The course will  cover both traditional and quantitative approaches to the analysis of organisms'  distributions, using examples from plants and animals. Students will analyze  a published or original data set of their choice, using available biogeographic  computer software. The course is appropriate for upper level undergraduates  and graduate students in all disciplines of biology. Graduate students will  make in-class presentations on a topic appropriate to the course. Three hours  of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 382(4302)  and 482(6302).

483(6192) Applications of Geographic Information Systems (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), Biology 388(4122) or equivalent, and consent of instructor; short course in UNIX operating systems recommended. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are sophisticated computer-based systems for analysis, capture, presentation, and maintenance of geographically referenced data. This course provides a foundation in using GIS for a spatial analysis. Examples from a wide range of disciplines are used to emphasize the use of GIS as a tool to  support analysis and decision-making. Students will have hands-on use of GIS  software using UNIX-based computer workstations. A formal research paper on  GIS applications in biological research will be required. Three hours of combined  lecture and computer operations per week. Students may not receive credit for  both Biology 383(4192) and 483(6192).

484 (6162) Advanced Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 246(3302)and 341(4182), or equivalent, or consent of  instructor.  The course will explore the use of evolutionary theory to interpret life-history adaptations of organisms, family and social interactions, coevolution, and macroevolution. Topics will include the evolution of sex, sexual selection,  aging, parent-offspring conflict, evolution of pathogen virulence, artificial  selection, and genetic modification of organisms. Students will also analyze  data sets using computer software to highlight the application of game theory  approaches and phylogenetically based comparative analysis to interpret patterns  in nature. Graduate students will write a paper on a topic relevant to the course.  Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 384(4162) and 484(6162).

485(5985)  Problems in Teaching College Biology (3)
(Same as ADU ED 435(6435). Prerequisite: Teaching experience, 30 semester hours  in biology, and consent of instructor. Basic philosophies underlying undergraduate biology education at the college level will be presented and examined with concern for establishment of an individual philosophy in the prospective college teacher.  Teaching techniques suitable for college-level instruction will be considered, practiced, and evaluated. Advantages and limitations of various methods of instruction will be considered with respect to current research findings.

486(5986)  Techniques in Teaching College Biology for Graduate Students  (2)
(Same as SEC ED 486(6986). Prerequisite: Graduate standing and teaching assignment.  Discussion and practice of techniques specific to instruction in the life sciences.  Consideration will be given to teaching strategies, curriculum design, evaluation,  instrumentation, and student-teacher interaction. Recommended for all graduate students with teaching assistantships.

487(6222)  Advanced Tropical Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 220(2102), or 341(4182), or 442(5192), or their equivalent.  This course will cover research areas in tropical population, community and ecosystem ecology, with emphasis on interspecies and environment-organism interactions, population control factors, and genetic structure of populations. Topics include the current status and causes of tropical habitat destruction, ongoing attempts to manage those habitats, and developments of strategies leading to sustained use of nonrenewable resources. A research proposal designed to investigate current topic in tropical ecology will be required. Students may not receive credit  for both Biology 387(4222) and 487(6222). Three hours of lecture per week.

489(6889) Graduate Seminar (2)
Presentation and discussion of various research problems in biology. Graduate student exposure to the seminar process.

490(6905)  Graduate Research in Biology (1-10)
Research in area selected by student in consultation with faculty members.

491(6915)  Graduate Research Practicum (1-2)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. This course is designed for graduate students wishing to pursue research experience in an area outside their dissertation topic. The project can be techniques-oriented or focused on a specific research question. The credit hours will depend on the time commitment to the project as decided by the supervisory faculty members.